Cellular Release Of Chemical Energy

Front 1

When do plants make ATP?

Back 1

Plants make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates

Front 2

Who can make ATP and how is this done?

Back 2

All organisms can make ATP, and this is done by breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Front 3

What does ATP stand for?

Back 3

adenine triphosphate

Front 4

The definition for anaerobic?

Back 4

does not use oxygen

Front 5

How do prokaryotes and protists stay alive in places where oxygen is not available?

Back 5

they make ATP by fermentation and other anaerobic pathways.

Front 6

Definition: Aerobic respiration

Back 6

oxygen dependent extracting energy efficiently requires this..Oxygen-dependent pathway of ATP formation in which glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water in several steps, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and electron transfer phosphorylation. Typical net yield: 36 ATP.

Front 7

alcoholic fermentation

Back 7

Anaerobic ATP-forming pathway. NADH transfers electrons to acetaldehyde, forming ethanol. Reactions start with pyruvate from glycolysis and

Front 8

antioxidant

Back 8

Enzyme or cofactor that can help neutralize free radicals, which may otherwise damage DNA and other molecules of life.

Front 9

electron transfer phosphorylation

Back 9

Last stage of aerobic respiration; electrons flow through mitochondrial electron transfer chains, to O2. The flow sets up an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP formation.

Front 10

FAD

Back 10

Flavin adenine dinucleotide. Nucleotide coenzyme; transfers electrons and unbound protons (H+) between reaction sites.

Front 11

free radical

Back 11

Highly reactive molecule with at least one unpaired electron.

Front 12

glycolysis

Back 12

Breakdown of glucose to two pyruvate molecules. First stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation.

Front 13

Krebs cycle

Back 13

The second stage of aerobic respiration (cyclic pathway)in which pyruvate is broken down to carbon dioxide and water. Two ATP form. Occurs only in mitochondria.

Front 14

lactate fermentation

Back 14

Anaerobic pathway of ATP formation. Pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to three-carbon lactate, and NAD+ is regenerated. Net energy yield: 2 ATP.

Front 15

NAD+

Back 15

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. A nucleotide coenzyme; abbreviated NADH when carrying electrons and H+.

Front 16

pyruvate

Back 16

Three-carbon compound that forms as the end product of glycolysis

Front 17

When do energy releasing pathways start to differ?

Back 17

Once glycolysis is over.

Front 18

What organelle does the aerobic pathway continue and end? What happens there?

Back 18

Mitochondria. Oxygen accepts and removes electrons that drove reactions.

Front 19

Of all energy releasing pathways, What energy releasing pathway gets the most ATP for each glucose molecule?

Back 19

Aerobic respiration yeilds about 36 or more, whereas Anerobic respiration yields about a net of 2

Front 20

Aerobic respiration chemical equation:

Back 20

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

glucose and oxygen --> carbon dioxide and water

Front 21

First stage of aerobic respiration is called? and What happens?

Back 21

glycolysis. enzymes break down glucose into pyruvates

Front 22

Second stage of aerobic respiration is called? and What happens?

Back 22

Krebs cycle: enzymes break down pyruvate into CO2 + H2O which releases many electrons and Hydrogen atoms.

Front 23

Third Stage of aerobic respiration? What happens?

Back 23

-The big energy harvest happens here
- Oxygen accepts electrons and they combine with H to form H20
- the co-enzymes NAD+ and FAD accept the electrons and hydrogens from glucose breakdown, and since they now carry hydrogen and electrons, they are now referred to NADH and FADH2.

Front 24

Fourth Stage of Aerobic Respiration? What happens?

Back 24

-Electron transfer phosphorylation
- NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to the electron transfer chains,
- and H combine with electrons through the electron transfer chains and this sets p H to make ATP

Front 25

Name the 6 carbon sugars in one molecule of glucose.

Back 25

6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, 6 oxygen

Front 26

What happens to a glucose molecule during glycolysis?

Back 26

it is partly broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvate (a 3 carbon compound)

Front 27

Do the initial steps of glycolysis require energy? If so, how is it delivered?

Back 27

Yes. It is delivered by ATP

Front 28

How many ATP is needed to start glycolysis?

Back 28

two

Front 29

What is PGAL?

Back 29

phosphoglyceraldehyde

Front 30

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Back 30

the direct transfer of a phosphate group, from the substrate of a reaction to some other molecule (such as ADP)

Front 31

What is the net yield of glycolysis?

Back 31

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 32

Summarize glycolysis and its purpose.

Back 32

Glycolysis converts the bond energy of glucose to bond energy of ATP - (ATP is a transportable form of energy)

Front 33

What happens to electrons and hydrogen that are stripped from glucose?

Back 33

it is picked up by NAD+ and will enter the next stage of reactions, along with 2 pyruvate molecules.

Front 34

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Back 34

2 pyruvate molecules

Front 35

What is the first stage of aerobic respiration?

Back 35

glycolysis

Front 36

What happens in the second stage of aerobic respiration?

Back 36

- Acetyl-CoA formation
- The Krebs Cycle

Front 37

When and what happens with Acetyl-CoA?

Back 37

Acetyl- CoA starts after glycolysis. At the start of this reaction, enzyme action strips the one carbon atom from each pyruvate and attaches it to Oxygen, forming CO2. Each 2 carbon fragment then combines with a coenzyme (designated A) and forms Acetyl-CoA.

Front 38

What is Acetyl-CoA?

Back 38

a type of co-factor that can get the Krebs cycle going.

Front 39

How many NADH are yielded with the breakdown of each pyruvate?

Back 39

one.

Front 40

When does NAD+ and FAD become NADH and FADH2?

Back 40

when the two co-enzymes NAD+ and FAD are carrying electrons and hydrogen, they are in reduced form, and can be referred to NADH and FADH2.

Front 41

Name two fermentation pathways? (anearobic)

Back 41

Alcoholic fermentation & lactate fermentation

Front 42

What is the process of alcoholic fermentation?

Back 42

the three carbon backbone of the 2 pyruvate molecules that are formed in glycolysis are split, and this results in 2 molecules of acetaldehydes. The acetaldehydes that are formed accept electrons and hydrogen from NADH, and becomes a ethanol.

Front 43

What causes drunk birds?

Back 43

saccaromyces, which is the same that is used to produce alcohol in wine.

Front 44

What is the process of lactate fermentation?

Back 44

NADH gives up electrons and hydrogen to 2 pyruvate molecules that were resulted from glycolysis. This transfer converts each pyruvate to lactate.

Front 45

What yeilds ATP for muscles that are partnered up with bones?

Back 45

lactate fermentation, as well as aerobic respiration.

Front 46

What do cells composed of "slow-twitch" muscle fibers support?

Back 46

light, steady, prolonged activity. Slow twitch muscle cells make ATP only be the aerobic respiration pathway, so they have many mitochondria.

Front 47

What are alternative energy sources in the body?

Back 47

Fats and proteins.