Cellular And Molecular Biology

Front 1

______ is genetic material

Back 1

DNA

Front 2

_______ is a virus that infects bacteria with its genetic material

Back 2

bacteriophage

Front 3

phage = ____ + _____

Back 3

protein and DNA

Front 4

________ is the rule which suggested that nucleotides pair with eachother.

Back 4

chargaff's rule

Front 5

A _____ group is at the 5' end of a DNA molecule

Back 5

phosphate

Front 6

A _____ group is at the 3' end of a DNA molecule.

Back 6

OH

Front 7

cytosine and thymine make up the _______ group

Back 7

pyrimadine

Front 8

guanine and adenine make up the _______ group

Back 8

purine

Front 9

Watson and crick's DNA model is a _____ _____ and runs _______.

Back 9

double helix, antiparallel

Front 10

Replication in _________ cells have a single origin like a replication bubble.

Back 10

prokaryotes

Front 11

Replication in ________ has many origins because it has linear chromosomes.

Back 11

eukaryotes

Front 12

DNA replication occurs in the ___ to ___ direction

Back 12

5' to 3'

Front 13

_______ is the enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA before replication.

Back 13

helicase

Front 14

_______ is the enzyme responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer

Back 14

primase

Front 15

the __________ in DNA replication has only one priming event.

Back 15

leading strand

Front 16

the __________ in DNA replication has numerous priming events.

Back 16

lagging strand

Front 17

because the lagging strand is discontinuous, DNA is replicated in peieces called ________ ________.

Back 17

okazaki fragments

Front 18

the gaps left in the lagging strand of DNA replication are filled by _______ and sealed by _______.

Back 18

DNA polymerase I, ligase

Front 19

________ is the enzyme that fills the gap at the end of a DNA strand after DNA replication.

Back 19

telomerase

Front 20

the _____ is the area on a DNA strand where the DNA polymerase starts replication

Back 20

primer

Front 21

_______ are inherited traits.

Back 21

phenotypes

Front 22

DNA is ______ into pre-mRNA which is ________ into preRNA which is ________ into a protein, which turns into a trait

Back 22

transcribed, processed, translated

Front 23

______ and _____ occur in the nucleus, while _____ occurs in the cytoplasm.

Back 23

transcription and processing, translation

Front 24

_______ ______ ______ is used to transcribe mRNA

Back 24

DNA template strand

Front 25

difference between RNA and DNA

Back 25

-RNA is single stranded.
-RNA has uracil instead of thymine.

Front 26

the start codon is ____ and it codes for ________.

Back 26

ATG (or AUG), methionine

Front 27

the three ____ ____ do not code for an amino acid

Back 27

stop codons

Front 28

______ or synthesis happens in transcription.

Back 28

elongation

Front 29

the _____ _____ is the binding site for transcription factors

Back 29

TATA box

Front 30

_____ _____ bring RNA polymerase II to the promoter

Back 30

transcription factors

Front 31

during transcription, the DNA template strand is read __ to __ and RNA is synthesized in the __ to __ direction

Back 31

3' to 5', 5' to 3'

Front 32

the function of the 5' cap and 3' poly-a tail is to ___

Back 32

protect the strand when it leaves the nucleus

Front 33

an _____ is a series of nucleotides that are useless

Back 33

intron

Front 34

______ is the process of removing introns

Back 34

spliciing

Front 35

in _______ a cell intercepts a genetic message and builds a polypeptide chain

Back 35

translation

Front 36

the job of a tRNA is to ______________

Back 36

transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome

Front 37

tRNA is made from ______ ____

Back 37

DNA templates

Front 38

the spicing reaction is done by a ________

Back 38

spliceosome

Front 39

a spliceosome consists of ______ and ______

Back 39

RNA and protein

Front 40

tRNA is connected to a specific amnio acid by ___________ _______

Back 40

amnioacyl-tRNA synthetase

Front 41

the ________ is the protein synthesis machine.

Back 41

ribosome

Front 42

mRNA is read in the __ to __ direction

Back 42

5' to 3'

Front 43

_____ is a single stranded RNA molecule that is transcribed from a gene.

Back 43

tRNA

Front 44

each tRNA is connected to a specific amino acid depending on its _______ and ______.

Back 44

anti-codon and shape

Front 45

How does the small ribosomal subunit get positioned at the 5’ end of a prokaryotic message?

Back 45

shine-delgarno sequence

Front 46

in the elongation cycle, _ site amino acid is joined to the _ site amino acid. tRNA's carring amino acids enter at the _ site. once a tRNA loses its amino acid, it exits at the _ site

Back 46

P, A, A, E

Front 47

a stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA), does not release an amino acid, but instead releases a _____ ______

Back 47

release factor

Front 48

a ______ _______ occurs when the code is changed so that one amino acid is replaced by another, but there is no effect on the polypeptide chain.

Back 48

silent mutation

Front 49

a ______ _______ occurs when one amino acid is replaced by another. there is an effect on the polypeptide chain.

Back 49

missense mutation

Front 50

a _____ ________ occurs when the stop codon is moved up in the nucleotide sequence causing the polypeptide chain to get cut short.

Back 50

nonsense mutation

Front 51

a ______ ______ occurs when a nucleotide is lost or gained in the sequence causing the polypeptide chain to gain or loses an amino acid and resulting in the amino acid to lose its function.

Back 51

frameshift mutation

Front 52

an ______ is several coding regions in bacteria that are regulated as a unit and transcribed as a single mRNA.

Back 52

operon

Front 53

bacteria primary energy source is _______. if they are not present within the cell, they can make them.

Back 53

glucose

Front 54

bacteria can synthesize glucose by turning enzymes from the ____ ___ on and off

Back 54

precursor molecule

Front 55

______ _______ can either be activators or repressors.

Back 55

regulatory proteins

Front 56

____ ____ is when something works through a repressor.

Back 56

negative regulation

Front 57

A bacteria’s response to tryptophan is:

Back 57

repressible by a product

Front 58

a repressor stops transcription by blocking the activity of ____ _______

Back 58

RNA polymerase

Front 59

the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose into glucose

Back 59

beta galactosidase

Front 60

when lactose is present (repressor inactive), and glucose is present (activator inactive), then the transcription outcome is _______ (high, low, off)

Back 60

low

Front 61

when lactose is present (repressor inactive) and glucose is absent (activator active), then the transcription outcome is _______ (high, low, off)

Back 61

high

Front 62

when lactose is absent (repressor active) and glucose is present (activator inactive), then the transcription outcome is _______ (high, low, off)

Back 62

off

Front 63

when lactose is absent (repressor active), and glucose is absent (activator active), then the transcription outcome is _______ (high, low, off)

Back 63

off

Front 64

when glucose levels are low in a bacteria, ______ levels are high. this turns on an activator of the operon.

Back 64

cAMP

Front 65

when glucose levels are high in a bacteria, cAMP levels are _____. the activator does not function.

Back 65

low

Front 66

the amount of glucose in a bacteria and the amount of of cAMP in a bacteria are _______ _________.

Back 66

inversely proportional.

Front 67

all cells in an organism have the same ______

Back 67

genome

Front 68

though all cells in an organism have the same genome, differences occur because of _____ ________

Back 68

cell differentiation

Front 69

__________ are DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Back 69

nucleosomes

Front 70

nucleosomes packed tightly make up __________

Back 70

chromatin

Front 71

chromatin have to be ______ in order for transcription to occur.

Back 71

loose (easier for enzymes to access genes)

Front 72

DNA methylation occurs to __ residues

Back 72

C

Front 73

transcription differs between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells _____________

Back 73

don't have operons

Front 74

____________ or control elements are segments of non-coding DNA that regulate transcription by binding to transcription factors. they can be _______ or ______. they act as switches for transcription.

Back 74

cis elements, enhancers or silencers

Front 75

the ____ ________ is where RNA polymerase II gets binded

Back 75

core promoter

Front 76

the ______ _______ is where the control (cis) elements can be found (enhancers or silencers).

Back 76

regulatory promoter

Front 77

______ ______ recognize control elements (tanscription on/off switches)and repress or acdtivate the RNA polymerase II (turn it on/off)

Back 77

transcription factors.

Front 78

virus need a ____ _____ in order to replicate since they cannot do it by themselves

Back 78

host cell

Front 79

the first virus was ____ _____ ______

Back 79

tobacco mosaic virus

Front 80

virus MUST have a _______ which is wrapped in a capsid protein which encloses the nucleic acid

Back 80

genome

Front 81

a __________ is a helical, rod shaped virus with only one capsid protein

Back 81

tobacco mosaic virus

Front 82

a __________ has 20 triangular facets, a single capsid protein and glycoproteins, is icosahedral, and is a respiratory virus

Back 82

adenovirus

Front 83

a ___________ is surrounded by a lipid membrane which is derived from its host cell, has glycoproteins and consists of a capsid and RNA in an envelope.

Back 83

influenza virus

Front 84

a __________ infects e. coli, has a capsid protein and tail sheath and injects it's own DNA into its host cell.

Back 84

bacteriophage virus

Front 85

the _____ _____ of a virus refers to the types of cells that viruses can infect

Back 85

host range

Front 86

when a virus enters the host cell, it uncoats and releases its ____ _____

Back 86

nucleic acid

Front 87

bacteriophage can have two different life cycles: ________ and ________

Back 87

lytic and lysogenic

Front 88

the _____ _____ of bacteriophage results in the death of the host cell and production of new viruses.

Back 88

lytic cycle

Front 89

the ______ _____ of bacteriophage does not kill the host cell, but includes a prophage (viral DNA) that is replicated when the cell divides.

Back 89

lysogenic cycle

Front 90

in the _____ _____, the viral RNA serves as a template for a complimentary strand of RNA. the new complimentary strand serves as a template for another strand of viral genome, which gets put into the new cell.

Back 90

influenza virus

Front 91

______ _______ of viruses in plants occurs when the virus comes from an outside source. they spread through the plasmodesmata

Back 91

horizontal transmission

Front 92

______ _______ of viruses in plants occurs when the virus is inherited from a parent plant. they spread through the plasmodesmata

Back 92

vertical transmission

Front 93

___________ is an enzyme that allows RNA to be a template for DNA (opposite) and is found in retroviruses.

Back 93

reverse transcriptase

Front 94

_____ cause cells to produce toxins and kill themselves when they infect.

Back 94

pathogens

Front 95

a ________ is a virus outbreak that moves between species

Back 95

pandemic

Front 96

an ________ is a virus outbreak that has a high mutation rate and produces virulent strands of RNA.

Back 96

epidemic

Front 97

__________ ____ is when DNA from two different sources are combined to make a new DNA molecule and allows for the analysis of gene expression and function.

Back 97

recombiant DNA

Front 98

_________ is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make a product

Back 98

biotechnology

Front 99

_____ _______ is the manipulating of DNA in an organism

Back 99

genetic engineering

Front 100

a _______ is a small piece of DNA that is not part of the bacterial chromosome. they replicate inside of bacteria and exist in multiple copies. they are also antibiotic resistant.

Back 100

plasmids

Front 101

how do scientists isolate genes and get them into a plasmid?

Back 101

restricion enzymes (scissors) and ligase (glue)

Front 102

after being cut with restriction enzymes, DNA and plasmids have complimentary ______ ____ and can stick together easier. ligase makes this more permanant

Back 102

sticky ends.

Front 103

______ occurs when bacteria and DNA are mixed and the bacteria sucks up the DNA

Back 103

transformation.

Front 104

during library screening, ____ ____ is used to look for a specific piece of DNA. it is complimentary to whatever section is being looked for.

Back 104

probe DNA

Front 105

____ is when specific peices of DNA are amplified (replicated).

Back 105

PCR

Front 106

in gel electrophoresis, DNA is _____ charged and moves to ____ end of agar mixture

Back 106

negative, positive

Front 107

in gel electrophoresis, large fragments are found (closer/farther) to the well and smaller fragments are found (closer/farther) to the well.

Back 107

closer, farther.

Front 108

DNA molecules that are reverse transcribed from an mRNA population are referred to as ____

Back 108

cDNA

Front 109

The component of a PCR reaction that allows for the replication of a specific gene is _____

Back 109

primer

Front 110

hydrogen bonds occur between _____ molecules

Back 110

polar

Front 111

two important properties of water

Back 111

1) cohesion-surface tension 2) universal solvent

Front 112

isomers have

Back 112

same make-up, different arrangement

Front 113

4 classes of macromolecules

Back 113

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Front 114

monosaccharides are

Back 114

simple sugars (3-7 carbons). ring or linear form.

Front 115

base formula for carbohydrate

Back 115

CH2O

Front 116

glucose

Back 116

C6H12O6

Front 117

prokaryotic cells

Back 117

bacterial cells, have plasmids, nucleoid, flagella

Front 118

eukaryotic cells

Back 118

plant and animal cells, bound organelles, cytoplasm, multiple linear chromosomes

Front 119

animal plant cells have (that plant cells dont)..

Back 119

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella

Front 120

plant cells have (that animal cells dont)

Back 120

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

Front 121

the endomembrane system

Back 121

nuclear envelope, ER (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles

Front 122

the cytoskeleton

Back 122

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, motor proteins

Front 123

membrane lipid

Back 123

amphipathic (two sided - hydrophyllic and hydrophobic)

Front 124

integral membrane proteins

Back 124

amphipathic, transmembrane domains

Front 125

peripheral proteins

Back 125

hydrophyllic

Front 126

osmosis

Back 126

water will follow the solute

Front 127

hypotonic

Back 127

more solute in the cells than outside

Front 128

hypertonic

Back 128

more solute outside the cells than inside.

Front 129

facilitated diffusion

Back 129

no ATP needed to transport molecules into/out of the cell

Front 130

active transport

Back 130

energy (ATP) required for transfer of molecules into/out of the cell. creates charge differential.

Front 131

anabolic pathways

Back 131

require energy to build up a molecule

Front 132

catabolic pathways

Back 132

require energy to break down a molecule

Front 133

exergonic

Back 133

energy released

Front 134

endergonic

Back 134

energy stored