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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Leeuwenhoek
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Made the 1st microscope
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Van Gieson
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Collagen fibers pink and muscle fibers yellow
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Silver Stain
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Reduce silver nitrate to black metallic silver deposits in reticular fibres
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PAS
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Delineates basement membranes. Cells in stomach are positive to PAS
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Animal cells - growth medium
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salt dilution + energy source + amino acids + vitamins + serum
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HeLa + BHK21
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Established cell lines - escaped form Hayflick limit - divide forever
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Avery
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DNA transfers information during bacterial transformation
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Hershey and Chase
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When a bacteria infect a cell DNA goes in but not other proteins
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ISH - In situ hybridization
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nucleic acid separated by agarose-gel electrophoresis - nictrocellulose paper and suction - visualize with autoradiography
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PCR
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Separation of DNA strand with heat + hybridization of primers + DNA synthesis from primers - 8 dsDNA molecules in the end
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Cell membrane
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5nm thick; is made of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids
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Phospholipid - Polar head
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Glycerol backbone + phosphate group + base - hydrophilic
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Phospholipid - Tail
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two hydrocarbon chains - hydrophobic
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Detergents
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Amphipathic with only one hydrocarbon chain
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Phosphatidyl choline
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Choline is base in head group
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PC + glycolipids
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external half of bilayer
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PS + PE + PI
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internal half of bilayer
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Cholesterol
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present in both external and internal halves of bilayer
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Trans-membrane proteins
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single/multiple alpha-helix or a rolled up beta-sheet
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Singer and Nicolson
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Fluid-Mosaic Model
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FRAP
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Method to study the mobility of the membrane
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Symport
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Transport of molecules in the same direction
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Antiport
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Transport of molecules in different directions
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Channels
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Water-filled pore; moves ions
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Carriers
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Conformational change
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vSNARES
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membrane of vesicles
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tSNARES
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membrane of target compartments
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SNARES
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Proteins that control the exocytosis of transport vesicles from the membrane
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Diabetes type 1
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insulin secretion affected
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Diabetes type 2
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problems with GLUT4 trafficking
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Hypercholesterolemia
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mutation in LDL receptor and in apolipoprotein B which is part of the receptor to which LDL binds - increase in LDL (bad cholesterol)
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Margulis
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Peroxisomes
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Neutralize toxic compounds
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Lysosomes
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Remove damaged organelles or pathogens
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Rough ER
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Protein and membrane synthesis
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Smooth ER
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Involved in lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis and drug detox
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Lysosomal storage disease due to lack of i2S - MPS 6
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Hunter's Syndrome
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Actin microfilaments
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Myosin I and II; 7nm; G-actin; found in all eukaryotic cells; single polypeptide chain; actin can be monomer or polymer; myosin binds to actin - movement
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Phalloidin
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decreases actin depolarization; stabilizes filaments; decreases cytochalasin
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Cytochalasin
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decreases actin polymerization
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Filament of fixed length + tropomyosin + troponin; inverse polarity at center of sarcomere and Z disc; barbed end is in the Z disc; has S1 myosin
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Thin actin filaments
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myosin had 6 polypeptide chains; 150nm;
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Thick actin filaments
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Sliding-filament model
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myosin head group slides along the thin filaments
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Intermediate filament
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surround nucleus, present inside the nucleus and in the cell periphery; attach to each other with desmosomes; they form the nuclear lamina; they can be keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments or nuclear.
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Nuclear lamina
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Strengthens the nuclear envelope
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Keratin filaments
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most diverse; epithelial cells; distribute stress; mutation leads to epidermdysis bullosa
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Vimentin filaments
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CT, muscle and neuroglial cells
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Neurofilaments
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Nerve cells
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Nuclear lamins
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Nucleus; involved in cell division
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Centrosome
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MTOCs - microtubules centre - in animal cells
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Microtubules
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Composed of kinesins and dyneins
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Kinesin
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similar to myosin II; 2 head groups with ATP; move into positive end; hand-over-hand movement
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Dyneins
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2 head groups with ATP; move into negative end
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Alcian blue
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Joins with PAS to distinguish between neutral/acidic mucins. Stains acidic mucins
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Epithelial tissue
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no direct blood supply; receives nutrients form CT; ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm; it can be apical surface, basal surface or lateral surface; low ECM
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Indirect immunoflurescence
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Fluorchromes - Secondary antibodies - Primary antibodies - molecule
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Apical surface of epithelial tissue
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not attached to other cells; lines lumen of ducts; microvilli, stereocilia - non motile - or cilia; smoking decreases cilia
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Transmission Electron Microscopy
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Based on density; passes through specimen
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Basolateral surface of epithelial tissue
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attached to other cells and basement membrane; has junctions: tight, anchoring or gap
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Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Reveals surface; based on colour
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Tight junctions
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no leaking; zona occludens
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Bacteria - growth medium
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carbon source (glucose) + salt + trace elements + nitrogen source
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Anchoring junctions
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attaches cell to all neighbours; high number in tissues with a lot of stress, like the skin.
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Plants - growth medium
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carbon source + amino acids + vitamin B + plant hormones
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Gap junctions
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electrical signals between cells
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Simple squamous
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blood vessels + alveoli + kidney tubules
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Simple cuboidal
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kidney tubules + glands + ovaries + bronchioles
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Simple columnar
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uterine tubes + stomach + uterus + bronchioles + intestine + brain
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Stratified squamous
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keratinized - skin - or non-keratinized - mouth, vagina, oesophagus, cornea
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Stratified cuboidal
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rare; sweat glands, ovary or salivary glands
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Stratified columnar
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mammary glands, larynx, male urethra
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Pseudostratified columnar
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nasal cavity, bronchi, pharynx
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Transitional epithelia
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Present where expansion can occur; cuboidal - no strech; squamous - stretch
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Endocrine glands
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no ducts; secretion enter interstitial fluid; part of surface or an organ; chronic, acute - stimuli - or episodic
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Merocrine secretion
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no cellular material is lost; vesicles; exocytosis; sweat glands or pancreas
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Apocrine secretion
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secretion released as fragments of the cell; mammary glands
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Halocrine secretion
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shedding of entire cell; sebaceous glands
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Pancreatitis
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Digestive enzymes become active in the pancreas; caused by biliary stones; abdominal pain; acute form is more common but can lead to chronic
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Diabetes
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Tissues do not respond to insulin leading to decrease of glucose and destruction of the Islets of Langerhans
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Thick skin
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S. lucidum is present and S. Corneum is thicker
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Melanocytes + Merkel cells
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S. Basale
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Keratinocytes + Langerhan cells
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S. Spinosum
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Dermis
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CT + collagen + elastin
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Connective tissue
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ECM; originated form mesenchyme; tissue bears weight thanks to matrix
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Osteoclast
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breaks down ECM
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Osteocyte
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Maintains ECM
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Osteoblast
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Made CT
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Ground substance
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amorphous; gel-like; has cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans to which GAGs attach; higher GAG content - more viscosity;
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Hyaluronic Acid
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Only GAG that does not attach to a core protein
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Collagen
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most abundant in ECM; fibroblasts; Type 1 is most abundant; Type 2 is in cartilage
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Elastic
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fibroblasts; branching networks; present in areas with a lot of elasticity
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reticular
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Type 3 collagen fibres; present in liver and spleen
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Scurvy
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defective collagen fibers due to vitamin C deficiency
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Marfan's Syndrome
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defective elastic fibers due to abnormal production of fibrillin-1
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Pulmonary emphysema
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defective elastic fibers due to loss of elastase (smoking?)
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Systemic Lupus
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non-organ specific; autoimmune disease
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Fibrosis
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abnormal scar tissue formation
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Cartilage
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no direct blood supply; it can be hyaline, fibrocartilage or elastic
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chondroblasts
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produce type 2 collagen fibers and ground substance with high GAG content and elastin fibers
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chondrocytes
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Chondroblasts present in the matrix
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Hyaline
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most abundant; has perichondrium; long bones, coastal cartilage and embryo; c-shaped
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Fibrocartilage
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no perichondrium; strongest; spine, pubis and knee
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Elastic cartilage
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has perichondrium; more flexible; ear, auditory tube
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osteoarthritis
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cartilage degeneration; primary does not result from injury
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Osteoporosis
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loss of bone mass and tissue; imbalances between bone deposition and resorption; post-menopausal; DEXA;
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease; unknown cause
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Myopathy
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Any disease of muscle
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Dystrophy
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Genetic myopathy
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Cardiac muscle
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striated; intercalated discs; nuclei at center of cells; involuntary tissue
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Smooth muscle
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non-striated; visceral; involuntary; cigar shape
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