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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
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He observed tiny living organisms in drops of pond water through his simple microscope.
1674 |
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Who was Robert Hooke?
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Hooke publishes a book Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscope 1665
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Who was Matthias Schleiden?
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Schleiden concludes that all plants are made up of cells 1838
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Who was Rudolph Virchow?
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Virchow proposes that all cells come from existing cells, completing the cell theory 1855.
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Who was Theodor Schwann?
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Schwann concludes that all animals are made up of cells 1839
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What is the cell theory?
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Cells are the basic unit of life. Al living things are made up of one or more cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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What is the Karyon?
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The kernel nucleus.
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What the eukaryotic cell?
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Many structures within a cell.
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What are organelles?
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Mini organs.
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What is the cell membrane?
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Flexible, surrounds every cell, made up of phosolipids, selectively permeable membrane, security system/gatekeeper, bilayer, cell is surrounded by water, the parts that are scared of water burry themselves in the cell, the ones that are not are outside of it.
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What is cytoplasm?
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Surrounds all the organelles in the cell. Gel-like material, keeps everything in place, mostly water, has proteins, amino acids, RNA and enzymes.
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What is the nucleus?
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In the center of the cell. Brain of the cell because it contains DNA it is our precious genetic code. Only fount in eukaryotic cell. To get info out of the nucleus the DNA sends a messenger - RNA.
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What is the nucleolus?
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Makes the part of the ribosomes.
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What are ribosomes?
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Site where proteins are made. Making proteins for cell itself or to send outside cell. Some float free in cell. Some attach to endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Rough er. Made up of two parts, the are the little red dots.
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What is endoplasmic reticulum?
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Connected to nuclear membrane, transport of material around cell. It is the highway of the cell. Series of connected networks that help transport/modify molecules (mainly proteins).
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What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
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Two main types - rough - helps modify proteins to be shipped outside cel. Smooth - Creates and stores lipids/steroids, stores ions and detox chemicals.
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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Close stack of membranes processing and shipping of material. Finishing touches put on proteins.
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What is a vesicle?
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Shuttle system, transports material around the cell, the originate from golgi and er membrane.
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What are lysosomes?
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Special kinds of vesicles found in animal cells contain many types of enzymes, break down large molecules, break down damaged organelles, can break down hurtful things, waste removal, lysosome enzymes need to stay within lysosome.
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What happens to lysosomes if the cell is damaged?
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Lysosome will explode and the cell will get destroyed. Sometimes called the suicide capsule.
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What are vacuoles?
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Found mainly in plant cells, large storage center, similar to a very large vesicle, mainly stores water, waste, and extra food.
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What is the function of the cell wall?
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Protective wall around all cell membranes of plants.
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What are the different types of microscopes?
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TEM - Transmission Electron Microscope
SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope |
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What is the ocular?
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The eyepiece, usually contains a 10x lens.
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What is the function of the arm of a microscope?
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contains the housing for the fine and coarse adjustments and connects the base of the microscope to the nosepiece and ocular.
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What is the nosepiece?
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A rotating head that has the objective lenses attached to it. the lens to be used should "click" into position when the wheel is gently turned so that it is directly over the specimen slide.
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What is the objective?
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A housing for the lens. Our microscopes have three objective lenses - 4x 10x 40x
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What is the stage?
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The specimen slides rests on this part of the microscope.
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What do the fine adjustment knobs do?
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These are the smaller of two sets of knobs located on either side of the arm. This adjustment is used to make small adjustments in focusing. It has a limited amount of movement and is most efficiently used after focusing with the 4x objective and course focus, then increasing magnification and making final adjustments with the fine focus knob.
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Where is the light source located?
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Directly under the stage.
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What is the adjustable diaphragm?
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A rotating wheel on the underside of the stage that allows the user to adjust the amount of light that passes through the specimen.
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What are the three basic units of the metric system?
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Gram, meter, and liter
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What does the gram measure?
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weight
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What does the meter measure?
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length
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What does the liter measure?
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capacity
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What does the cell theory state?
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All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. New cells are produced from existing cells.
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What do prokaryotic cells have?
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Genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus.
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What do eukaryotic cells have?
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Contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell.
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What does the nucleus contain?
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Nearly all the cells DNA and the code and instructions of making proteins and other important molecules.
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Where are proteins assembled?
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On ribosomes.
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What do endoplasmic reticulums make?
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Make membrane and secretory proteins.
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What does the other type of er make?
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lipids and helps to detoxify or remove harmful substances.
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What does the golgi apparatus modify?
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It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion outside of the cell.
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What does the mitochondria do?
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Converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.
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What do chloroplasts do?
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They capture the energy from sunlight and convert into chemical energy.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. It is also involved in movement of materials within and outside the cell.
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What are the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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The both have cell membranes, ribosomes, and cell walls
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What do Eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't?
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Eukaryotes have a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi aparatus, lysosomes, vacuoules, mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton.
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What do animal cells have that plant cells don't?
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lysosomes
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What do plant cells have that animals cells don't?
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a cell wall and chloroplasts
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What are the common features of animal and plant cells?
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They both have a cell membranes, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton
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What is a prokaryotic cell?
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bacteria
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What types of cells do prokaryotic cells include?
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bacteria kingdom
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What is a eukaryotic cell?
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Animal cell
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What types of cells do eukaryotic cells include?
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Plant, protist, and fungi kingdom
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What doe eukaryotic cells contain?
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many organelles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane
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What are the similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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The both have cell membranes, ribosomes, and cell walls
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What do Eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't?
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Eukaryotes have a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi aparatus, lysosomes, vacuoules, mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton.
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What do animal cells have that plant cells don't?
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lysosomes
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What do plant cells have that animals cells don't?
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a cell wall and chloroplasts
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What are the common features of animal and plant cells?
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They both have a cell membranes, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, mitochondria, and a cytoskeleton
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What is a prokaryotic cell?
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bacteria
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What types of cells do prokaryotic cells include?
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bacteria kingdom
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What is a eukaryotic cell?
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Animal cell
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What types of cells do eukaryotic cells include?
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Plant, protist, and fungi kingdom
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What doe eukaryotic cells contain?
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many organelles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane
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How does material cross the cell membrane?
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Sem-permeable, cells function by material getting in and out, we need to get nutrients into cells, we need to get waste out of cells
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What material can get into our cells easily?
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non-polar molecules that are not charged, very small molecules like O2, CO2 and amino acids
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What materials have a difficult time getting into your cell?
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Large molecules, and polar/charged molecules
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What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
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Vacuoles, cell walls, chloroplasts
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What do animal cells have that plant cells do not?
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lysosomes
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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network of protein fibers that give shape and structure to the cell, helps structure within all movement, serves as railroad tracks for material to move around cell
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What is the function of the chloroplast?
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Organelle found in plant cells, structure where photosynthesis takes place, some light absorbed and is converted into sugar
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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Found in all eukaryotic cells, power plant for the cell, turns sugar into ATP energy
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What are some materials that need to get in and out of our cells?
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Sugar for fuel, O2 oxygen, proteins (nutrients), wastes, H20, medicines, electrolytes (NaKCa), harmful things
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How do materials get in and out of our cells?
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Passive transport is how materials get in and out of our cells without using energy and active energy is how materials get in and out of our cells with the use of energy
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Passive Transport
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Diffusion, the net movement of molecules from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration
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What is concentration?
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How much of something is dissolved in a given volume of solution
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What do all cells have?
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A cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell as well as providing protection and support
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What do some cells have?
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Cell walls, provide additional support and protection.
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What does diffusion do?
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It causes many substances to move across the cell membrane but does not require the cell to use energy.
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
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Do all cells develop in the same way?
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Cells in multicellular organisms develop in different ways to perform particular functions within the organism.
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What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism?
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Individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
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What is a hypotonic solution?
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Going down a solute concentration in the solution bathing the cell
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What is a hypertonic solution?
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Going up a solute concentration in the solution bathing the cell
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What will water always cross from?
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Hypotonic to hypertonic
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