Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cell Theory
|
1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
2. The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the collective activities of its cell. 3. According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative # of their specific subcellular structures. 4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis. |
|
|
Generalized, Composite, Cell
|
All cells have the same basic parts and some common functions.
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane.
-Seperates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids -Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity |
|
|
Intracellular Fluid
|
Fluid within a cell.
|
|
|
Extracellular
|
Internal fluid located outside cells; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
(1) Control center of a cell; contains genetic material; (2) clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
|
|
|
Cell Membrane
|
Another term for Plasma Membrane;
Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane. |
|
|
The Fluid Mosaic Model
|
A depiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed.
|
|
|
Lipid Bilayer
|
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.
|
|
|
Phospholipids
|
-Modified lipid, contains phosphorus.
-Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic bipoles. |
|
|
Hydropholic
|
Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles.
|
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules.
|
|
|
Glycolipids
|
A lipid with bound carbohydrate
|
|
|
Lipid Rafts
|
Dynamic assemblies of saturated phospholipids (which pack together tightly) associated with unique lipids called sphingolipids & lots of cholesterol.
|
|
|
Integral Proteins
|
-A distinct population of membrane proteins.
-Proteins make up about half of the plasma membrane by mass & responsible for most of the specialized membrane functions. -Firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer. |
|
|
Peripheral Proteins
|
-A distinct population of membrane proteins.
-Proteins make up about half of the plasma membrane by mass & responsible for most of the specialized membrane functions. -Are not embedded in the lipid; Instead attaches loosely to integral proteins or membrane lipids & are easily removed. |
|
|
Glycocalyx
|
A layer of externally facing glycoproteins on a cell's plasma membrane that determines blood type; involved in the cellular interactions of fertilization, embryonic development, and immunity, and acts as an adhesive between cells
|
|
|
Functions of Membrane Proteins
|
1. Transport
2. Enzymatic Activity 3. Receptors for Signal Transduction 4.Intercellular Joining 5. Cell-Cell Recognition 6.Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. |
|
|
Microvilli
|
Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.
|
|
|
Tight Junction
|
Area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are fused
|
|
|
Desmosomes
|
Cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments.
|
|
|
Gap Junction
|
A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons.
|
|
|
Interstitial Fluid
|
Fluid between the cells.
|
|
|
Selectively/Differential Permeable
|
A membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others; also called differentially permeable membrane.
|
|
|
Passive Processes
|
Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion, which is driven by kinetic energy.
|
|
|
Active Processes
|
(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis.
(2) "Active transport" also refers specifically to solute pumping. |
|
|
Diffusion
|
The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy.
|
|
|
Concentration Gradient
|
The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two different areas.
|
|
|
Simple Diffusion
|
The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle.
-Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer -Diffuse through Channel proteins |
|
|
Facilitated Diffusion
|
-Passive transport process used by certain molecules, e.g., glucose and other simple sugars too large to pass through plasma membrane pores.
-Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier. |
|
|
Carriers
|
A transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar substance across the cell membrane.
|
|
|
Channels
|
A transmembrane protein that forms an aqueous pore, allowing substances to move from one side of the membrane to the other.
|
|
|
Osmosis
|
Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
|
|
|
Aquaporins
|
Transmebrane proteins that construct water specific channels where water can flow freely and reversible.
|
|
|
Hydrostatic Pressure
|
Pressure of fluid in a system.
|
|
|
Osmotic Pressure
|
A measure of the tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution.
|
|
|
Tonicity
|
How a solution effects cell volume
|
|
|
Isotonic
|
Solutions with the same solute concentrations as that of the cytosol.
|
|
|
Hypertonic
|
Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
|
|
|
Hypotonic
|
Solutions having lesser solute concentration then that of the cytosol.
|
|
|
Filtration
|
-Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter.
-Pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area |
|
|
Pressure Gradient
|
Difference in pressure (hydrostatic or osmotic) that drives movement of fluid.
|
|
|
Active Transport
|
(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. (2) "Active transport" also refers specifically to solute pumping.
-Requires carrier proteins. |
|
|
Symport System
|
When two transported substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction
|
|
|
Antiport System
|
Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions.
|
|
|
Primary Active Transport
|
A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP.
|
|
|
Sodium Potassium Pump
|
A primary active transport system that simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep gradient and pumps K+ back in.
|
|
|
Vesicular Transport
|
The movement of large particles and macromolecules across a plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space
|
|
|
Endocytosis
|
Enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
|
|
|
Vesicle
|
A small liquid-filled sac or bladder.
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells.
|
|
|
Phagosome
|
Vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis.
|
|
|
Amoeboid Motion
|
The flowing movement of the cytoplasm of a phagocyte.
|
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
A small liquid-filled sac or bladder.
-aka Fluid Phase Endocytosis |
|
|
Membrane Potential
|
Voltage across the plasma membrane.
|
|
|
Resting Membrane Potential
|
The voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell; ranges from -90 to -20 millivolts depending on cell type.
|
|
|
Polarized
|
State of a plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or muscle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside; the resting state.
|
|
|
Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane
|
1. Simple diffusion thru the phospholipid bilayer.
2. Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein 3.Channel mediated facilitated diffusion thru a channel protein; mostly ions selected on a basis of size and charge 4. Osmosis- diffusion thru a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or thru the lipid bilayer |
|
|
Osmolarity
|
Total Concentration of solute particles in a solution
|
|
|
Solute
|
The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
|
|
|
Types of active transport
|
1. Symport System
2. Antiport System 3. Primary Active Transport 4. Secondary Active Transport |
|
|
Transcytosis
|
Moving substances into, across, then out of the cell.
|
|
|
Vesicular Trafficking
|
Moving substances from one area in the cell to another.
|
|
|
Fluid Phase Endocytosis
|
the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell.
|
|
|
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
|
clathrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis.
|
|
|
Non-Clathrin Coated Vesicles
|
Caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules.
|
|
|
Energy source for Simple Diffusion
|
Kinetic Energy
Example: Movement of O2 through membrane |
|
|
Energy source for Facilitated Diffusion
|
Kinetic Energy
Example: Movement of glucose into cells |
|
|
Energy source for Osmosis
|
Kinetic Energy
Example: Movement of H2O in and out of cells |
|
|
Energy source for Filtration
|
Hydrostatic Pressure
Example: Formation of Kidney Filtrate |
|
|
Active Transport of Solutes
|
ATP
Example: Movement of ions across membranes |
|
|
Exocytosis
|
ATP
Example: Neurotransmitter Secretion |
|
|
Endocytosis
|
ATP
Example: White blood cell phagocytosis |
|
|
Fluid Phase Endocytosis
|
ATP
Example: Absorption by intestinal cells |
|
|
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
|
ATP
Example: Hormone and Cholestrol Uptake |
|
|
Endocytosis via Caveoli
|
ATP
Example: Cholesterol Regulation |
|
|
Endocytosis via coatomer vesicles
|
ATP
Example: Intracellular tracking of molecules |
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic Organelles
|
Specialized cellular compartments
Membranous: Mitochondria, Peroxisomes, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus Nonmembranous: cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes |
|
|
Mitochondria
|
-Provide most of the cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
-Contain their DNA and RNA -Powerhouse of the cell |
|
|
Ribosomes
|
-Granules containing protein and rRNA
-Site of protein synthesis |
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
-Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae.
-Continuous with the nuclear membrane -Two Varieties: rough ER and smooth ER |
|
|
Rough ER
|
-External surface studded with ribosomes
-Manufactures all secreted proteins -Responsible for the synthesis of intergral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes |
|
|
smooth ER
|
-Tubules arranged in a looping network
-Catalyzes the following reactions in various organs of the body *In the liver, lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and, along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs *In the Testes- synthesis of steroid-based hormones *In the Intestinal Cells- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats *In Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle- storage and release of calcium |
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
-Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
-Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins -Transport vessels from the ER fuse w/ the cis face of the golgi apparatus -Proteins then pass thru the Golgi Apparatus to the trans face -Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell |
|
|
Lysosomes
|
-Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
-Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins -Degrade nonfunctional organelles -Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone. -Breakdown nonuseful tissue -Breakdown bone to release Ca2+ -Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes. |
|
|
Peroxisomes
|
-Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases
-Detoxify harmful or toxic substances -Neutralize dangerous free radicals |
|
|
Free Radicals
|
Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons (ie, O2-)
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
-The skeleton of the cell
-Dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol -Consist of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
|
|
Microtubules
|
One of three types of rods in the cytoskeleton of a cell; hollow tubes made of spherical protein that determine the cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles.
|
|
|
Microfilaments
|
Thin strands of the contractile protein actin.
|
|
|
Intermediate Filaments
|
A family of related proteins that share common structural and sequence features
|
|
|
Cilia
|
-Whip like, motile cellular extension on exposed surfaces of certain cells
-Move substances in 1 direction across cell surfaces |
|
|
Nucleus
|
-Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, & distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
-Gene-containing control center of the cell -Contains the genetic library w/ blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins -Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized |
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
-Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
-Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes |
|
|
Nucleoli
|
-Dark staining spherical bodies w/ in the nucleus
-Site of ribosome production |
|
|
Chromatin
|
-Threadlike strands of DNA and histones
-Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes -Form condensed, barlike bodies of chromosomes when the nucleus starts to divide |
|
|
Cell Division is essential for..
|
Body growth and tissue repair
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
nuclear division
|
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
Division of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
The phases of Mitosis:
|
1. Prophase
2 .Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
|
|
The three types of RNA
|
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
|
|
Role of Messenger RNA (mRNA)
|
-Carries the genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Role of Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)
|
-Bound to amino acids base pair w/ the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis
|
|
|
Role of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
|
-A structural component of ribosomes
|
|
|
Transcription
|
Transfer of info from the sense strand of DNA to m RNA
|
|
|
Translation
|
Info carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides
|
|
|
Codon
|
The 3 base sequence on a mRNA that provides genetic info used in protein synthesis
|
|
|
Anti Codon
|
The three base sequence complementary to the mRNA codon
|
|
|
What happens during mitosis?
|
The nuclear contents divide
|
|
|
What moves during Osmosis?
|
Water
|
|
|
What kind of molecules can easily pass through a cell membrane?
|
Lipid Soluble Molecules
|
