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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 4 types of inappropriates immune response
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anaphylactic
antibody dependent cytotoxic immune complex mediated cell mediated (delayed type) |
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what type of inappropriate immune reponse is the ppd test
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cell mediated (delayed type)
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what is the time course for anaphylactic
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minutes
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what is the time course for cell mediated (delayed type)
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24hrs - 48 hrs
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what is the time cource for immune complex mediated
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3-8 hrs
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what is the time course for antibody-dependent cytotoxic
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minutes to hours
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what is hypersensitivity
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inappropriate or excessive immune response
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what type of inapropriate response is Atopic disease seen in and what is the characteristic of it
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anaphylactic
produce IgE instead of IgG |
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what type of disease is caused by allergy
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atopic
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in type 1 hypersensitivity what is the cause
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reactions are due to excessive activation of TH2 cells and overproduction of IgE
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what is the sequence of events that occurs in type 1 hypersensitivity
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allergen taken up
TH0 commit to TH2 cells IgE binds to FcEPSILONReceptor on mast cells IgE cross linked allergen MAST CELL DEGRANULATES |
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what are the TH2 factors and what do they do
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IL4, 13, CD40 cause switching of B cells to IgE
IL10 - inhibits TH1 and IL1 response |
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how does anaphylaxis occur
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allergen crosslinks FcEPSILONreceptor resulting in a signal sent into mast cell
within minutes: increase in release of preformed mediators (histamine) within hours: cytokines, lipids released |
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what does histamine cause
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smooth muscle contraction
mucous secretion *these help to get ride of parasites in GI vasodilation edema *help to get immune substances from circulation into tissues |
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what are leukotrienes, prostaglandins, PAF
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lipid mediators
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what do lipid mediators do
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increase vascular permeability
smooth muscle contraction chemotaxis |
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if the cellular infiltrate has CD4+ cells, monocytes, and eosinophils what type of hypersensitivity
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type 1
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what are the TH2 cytokines
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IL4, 5, 13
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what is allergic rhinitis
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hay fever
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what produces eosinophil attractants and what are some examples of these attractants
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mast cells produce them
example: RANTES, IL5, eotaxin |
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why is excessive or prolonged type 1 response damagining
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because eosinophils adhere to vascular endothelium and secrete MAJOR BASIC PROTEINS (MBP) AND PEROXIDASE which cause damage
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what are the main components of asthma
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increased contractile response of airways to stimulus.
inflamed airways: cellular infiltrate (macrophages, eosinophils, TH2 cells are found in air ways) |
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in asthma what do cytokines released from TH2 cause
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edema of airway
mucus hypersecretion (IL13) bronchial hyperresponsiveness |
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why does hypotension occur in anaphylaxis
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due to histamine which causes vasodilation throughout the body and therefore can't retain fluid in circulation b/c leaks into tissue and decrease in BP
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what tests are used to test allergy
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wheal and flare
RAST RIST ELISA |
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what does RIST measure
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total amount of IgE
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what does RAST measure
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measures levels of IgE that react to a specefic substance
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what does Wheal and Flare measure
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poke person w/ needle containing small amount of substance you believe they are allergic to (earliset result in 30 mins)
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what does ELISA measure
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serum IgE levels
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in type 1 hypersensitivity how can you modulate the immune response
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for asthma give anti-IgE (Xolair) to try to lower IgE levels
desensitization w/ allergen to try to encourage TH1 response and reduce TH2 response Mast Cell stabilization Mediator antagonism |
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what is used as a mast cell stabalizer
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sodium cromoglycate
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what are the mediator antagonism used in type 1 therapy
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leukotriene receptor antagonists
histamine receptor antagonists (antihistamine) |
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what does augmentation of cAMP levels do to people w/ asthma
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cAMP helps to relax airway of smooth muscle
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what can be done to increase cAMP
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B2 agonist
decrease cAMP degradation (inhibit phosphodiesterase) |
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what can be used to decrease cAMP degradation
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theophyline
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what can be given to treat chronic inflammation in asthma patients
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corticosteroids
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what do corticosteroids do
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reduce cytokine production
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what is type 2 hypersensitivity caused by
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presence of antibodies against a cell or tissue
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in type 2 how are cells killed
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ADCC
phagocytosis complement dependent lysis |
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in type 2 how are cells killed by phagocytosis
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Antibody binds to FcGAMMAReceptor on cell and causes phagocytosis
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in type 2 how are cells killed by complement dependent lysis
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ab bound to cell and activates complement (classical pathway) to produce C3b which can opsonize cell to get phagocytosis
and if activation of complement continues then MAC will form and lysis of cell occurs |
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in type 2 how are cells killed by ADCC
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if Ab binds to cell NK cells have Fc receptors that recognize those Ab and will kill the cell
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how does glycosylation of RBC surface protein (H substance) effect IgM production
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glycosylated of H substance resembles bacteria antigen in our gut and due to this no IgM will be made to counter this antigen due to it resembling our blood type
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what causes type 3
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prolonged or excessive immune complexes or they build to fast
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what do immune complexes do
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activate complement
attract neutrophils anaphylatoxins directly activate macrophages cause platelet aggregation |
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what is serum sickness
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excess antigen
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