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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how is a hapten used
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a hapten is conjugated into a carrier and injected into the person/animal to induce a immunilogical effect and cause you to make antibodies
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what is an example of a hapten
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penicillin
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what is a paratope
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part of the antibody that recognizes a specefic epitope on the antigen
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what is the part of the antibody that makes contact with the antigen
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paratope
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what is a epitope
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part of the antigen that makes contact with the antibody
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can the antigen have multiple epitopes
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yes
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what is a idiotope
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AA variation anywhere on the variable domain
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can a idiotope be a paratope
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yes
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what distinguishes variable domain of one antibody from another
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idiotopes
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what is the amount of antibodies made determined by
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the affinity of the epitope to the antigen
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why can't haptens generate an immune response
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they are too small
bigger proteins have more epitopes and therefore stimulate proliferation of B-cells more vigorously |
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what does protuberance effect
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the more bumps on the protein make it more likely to be recognized by the immune system
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what is the most important part of antigen-antibody reaction
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the complimentarity
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what is a common hapten
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DNP
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what is avidity
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occurs when cross linking of polyclonal antiserum and antigen
MOSTLY PHYSIOLOGICAL |
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what is polyclonal serum
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many individual antibodies each recognizing different epitopes on the antigen
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what is cross reactivity
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believed to be part of autoimmunity due to some structural features on our cells resembling those of antigens causing antibodies to attack our cells
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what is titer
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measures the concentration of antibodies
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what does a higher titer mean
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more antibodies present
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why is titer used
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because sometimes it is hard to measure the amount of pathogens so instead you measure the amount of antibodies someone has for those pathogens
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what are serum dilutions
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how much an antiserum has to be diluted before it can't be detected in lab tests
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what are the techniques to measure antibodies
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precipitation
agglutination turbidity Solid Phase ELISA Sandwich ELISA |
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what is precipitation used
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start with a fixed amount of polyclonal antibodies and vary the amount of antigens added
the more antigens the more immune complexes |
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what happens at equivalence point in percipitation tests
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the amount of antigens to the amount of antibodies @ the eq point results in precipitation of immune complexes
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what happens as more antigen is added past the eq point
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as more antigen is added the antibody binding sites get saturated making it hard for them to bind antigen
antigen excess causes fewer immune complexes |
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how is turbidity used to measure amount of antibodies
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antibody-antigen complexes make the solution turn cloudy
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how is agglutination used to measure the amount of antibodies
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complexes with antibodies and large molecules such as RBC
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what is the SOLID PHASE ELISA used to measure
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the amount of antibodies
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what are the steps in the SOLID PHASE ELISA
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coat plastic tube w/ antigens
wash add patients serum wash add animal antibodies that will be used as a label and recognize any human immunoglobin (these antibodies also contain an enzyme) wash add substrate which will react w/ the enzyme causing a change in color |
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what does the amount of color generated in a SOLID PHASE ELISA tell you
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the amount of antibodies present
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how does a SANWICH ELISA work
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coat plastic tube with antibodies
wash add unknown sample w/ unknown amount of antigen (Ag binds to the antibodies) wash add 2nd antibody that binds to a different epitope on the antigen and contains a enzyme wash add substrate |
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what does the generated color indicate in SANWICH ELISA
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the amount of antigen in the unknown sample
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what is required in a SANDWICH ELISA
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that you have 2 antibodies that recognize the same antigen at different epitopes
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what is SANDWICH ELISA used to measure
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amount of antigens
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what are some examples of rapid immunological tests
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HIV test, Pregnancy test, Hepatitis all made for home use
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what do most rapid immunological tests use
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lateral diffusion immunochromatography
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what do pregnancy tests detect
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hCG which is found in the urine and made by the placenta weeks after implantation
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what does the reaction part of a birthcontrol test do
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has MoAb for hCG that are conjugated with a enzyme that can generate color
hCG will bind to the MoAb and the unbound MoAb will flow down to the Test area |
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what does the test region of a bc test do
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contains polyclonal anti-hCG antibodies which bind to hCG that flows from the reaction zone (this hCG is already bound to MoAb)
the polyclonal anti-hCG antibodies bind to the hCG and cause it to precipitate and since the poly-anti-hCG-Ab is conjugated with an enzyme it may generate color signalling if hCG is present |
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what does the control part of bc test do
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it contains polyclonal antibodies against all mouse antibodies and will precipitate everything. once the enzyme in the polyclonal antibodies react with the substrate a color will be generated indicating whether you're pregnant or not
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do TCR bind to soluble proteins
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no
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where are TCR
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on surface of T cells
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what can TCR bind
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peptides being presented by MHC
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what do CTL bind to
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MHC 1
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what do TH bind to
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MHC2
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in MHC1 where are the peptides acquired
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ER
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what are CTL used to fight
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virus infections
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where do the proteins presented by MHC1 come from
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since viruses are intracellular pathogens the proteins are generated from within and are part of the cell
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what is the mechanism that occurs in Antigen processing w/ MHC1
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intracellular proteins
fed into proteosome generate peptides go through TAP1/TAP2 to enter teh ER once in ER they are loaded onto MHC1 MHC transported to cell surface |
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what does TAP1/TAP2 do
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they form a pore which allows peptides to be transported to the ER
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in MHC2 where are peptides acquired
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from post golgi compartment
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where does the proteins presented by MHC2 come from
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cell surface
mainly EXOGENOUS PROTEINS (proteins brought in from outside via endo/phagocytosis) |
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what is the mechanism that occursi n Antigen processing w/ MHC2
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exogenous antigen brought in via endo/phagocytosis
endosomes digest exogenous antigen/protein into peptides via PROTEASES peptides loaded into MHC2 at post golgi compartment (peptides 1st fuse to a vescicle that allows them to get loaded onto MHC2) MHC2 transported to cell surface for presentation |
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what does the invarient chain do
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it occupies the peptide binding site on MHC2 while it is in the ER to prevent MHC2 from getting loaded with peptides until it is in the post golgi compartment after that the invarient chains get removed allowing peptides from endosomes to load onto MHC2
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what is CD1
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a surface protein similar to MHC
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where is CD1 located
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in antigen presenting cells
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what does CD1 do
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binds lipids from bacteria and presents lipids to NK-T cells
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what are NK-T cells
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they have a type of TCR but is invariant
no memory formation release cytokines during bacterial infection MAY PLAY ROLE IN BACTERIAL INFECTION |
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what kind of immunity are NK-T cells part of
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Innate
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that are TCR gamma-delta T cells
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can kind soluble antigen not bound to MHC
helps turn of immune response by killing activated macrophages |
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what kind of cells to TCR gamma-delta bind to
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bacterial products and proteins of stressed cells
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what are superantigens
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proteins that will non specifically activate a large number of T cells and result in making you very ill
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how do super antigens work
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they cross link TCR with MHC2 without the requirement of a specific peptide being bound to MHC2
superantigen doesnt see the peptide but a specefic V domain on TCR NO ANTIGEN SPECEFICITY |
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what is the result of super antigens
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massive release of cytokines by activated T cells causing systeminc inflammation
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