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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between protoplast and protoplasm |
Protoplast=Everything minus cell wall Protoplasm=Everything minus cell wall and cell membrane |
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A plant cell=_______+______ |
Cell wall + protoplast |
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Central vacuole membrane name |
Tonoplast |
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Vacuole difference between mature and young plant cell |
Large central vacuole Many small vacuoles |
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What are vacuoles produced by? |
Golgi associated endoplasmic reticulum |
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Vacuole functions |
Storage Breakdown of macromolecules Regulation of cell turgor |
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Vacuole metabolite differences |
Primary metabolites are growth associated Secondary metabolites are not growth associated |
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Primary metabolites in vacuole |
Inorganic ions Organic acids Sugars Amino acids Proteins Lipids |
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Secondary metabolite functions |
Molecules for defense Molecules for signaling |
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What is rubber made out of? What is its purpose? |
Specialised latex containing vacuoles for defense Rubber is a carbohydrate with chains of 1,4 polyisoprene residue |
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What are raphides? |
Needle shaped crystals of calcium oxalate |
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What do some plants contain to make them toxic to predators? |
Alkaloids Nitrogen containing bases |
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Why use cell cultures? |
More efficient Less ecologically damaging |
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What pigment attracts animals? Where is it stored? |
Anthocyanins In the vacuole |
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How does a cell digest cytoplasmic constituents? |
Using the acidic hydrolytic enzymes (found in animal cell lysosomes) |
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How does a vacuole play a role in turgor? |
-They contain water and take up a large portion of the cell -They have a high conc of solutes in vacuole thus a negative osmotic pressure, thus water uptake |
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Why is there turgor pressure? What happens with a lack of turgor |
Cell wall enables water uptake without bursting, thus creating a large internal pressure. Plants will wilt |
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Origins of a plastid |
Non-photosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryote They became reliant on eachother and created the PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTE |
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What is the shape of the DNA in the chloroplast and what does it do? |
It is circular It makes some of the chloroplast proteins but not all |
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Types of plastid and their functions |
Chloroplast- Photosynthesis Chromoplast- Synthesis and storage of coloured pigments Leucoplasts- storage of starch Proplastids- precursors to other plastids |
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Chloroplast and Mitochondria features in common |
Two membranes Contains nucleic acid Highly permeable outer membrane Selective inner membrane |
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What is a thylakoid |
Membrane bound compartment which is the site of light dependant reactions |
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What is the granum? |
Stacks of thylakoids |
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Where do a lot of reactions happen in the chloroplast? |
In the thylakoid lumen (space) |
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Which reactions take place where in the chloroplast? |
Light reactions will happen in the thylakoid membranes Dark reactions will take place in the stroma |
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What happens when fruit ripens? |
Thylakoid membrane amounts will decrease and chromoplast will increase |
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What do leucoplasts do? |
They can store Pigments, protein, lipids or starch |
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What do Proplastids do? |
They can turn into different plastids Chromoplast, leucoplast or chloroplast |
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Which wavelength of light isn't absorbed by chloroplast? |
Green |
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Two primary pigments in photosynthesis |
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b |
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Stages of photosystem |
1) Photon 2) Transfer of energy 3) Excitation of e minus from special chlorophyll a molecule 4) This e minus is transferred to primary e minus acceptor |
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Photosynthetic electron transport chain components and order |
Photosystem 2, cytochrome complex, photosystem 1, NADP+ reductase and ATP synthase |
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How does photosynthetic electron transport chain work? |
-Elecrtons taken from water and go through photosystem two...oxygen and Hydrogen ions products -electrons through cytochrome complex, pumps protons into cytoplasm -electrons travel to photosystem 1 and then into NADP+ reductase (NADP+ + H+ goes to NADPH) -The protons will go through ATP synthase and make ATP in the Cytosol
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Differences between Chloroplast and Mitochondria |
-Thylakoid space-intermembrane space -Thylakoid membrane-membrane -Stroma-Matrix |
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Overall reaction for Photosynthesis |
6CO2+6H2O goes to C6H12O6+6O2 |
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Draw the interaction between the light cycle and Calvin cycle |
Check book |
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What are the stages in the Calvin cycle |
1) Carbon fixation (ATP and NADPH used) 2) Reduction 3) Regeneration of CO2 acceptor |
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Calvin cycle Enzyme used Amount of product and amount of reactant |
Rubisco 3CO2, 6ATP, 6NADPH 1/2 a glucose molecule |
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Name of plastid that can make any plastid? What can it turn into? |
Proplastid! Chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast |
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What happens when a proplastid is exposed to light? |
It turns into chloroplast within 48 hours. Grana have formed within 24 hours |
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What does cellulose form as a cell wall? |
Microfibrils |
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Key features of primary cell wall |
Produced by young cells Reletivley thin and flexible Cells can still grow |
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Primary cell wall make up |
25-30% Cellulose 15-25% Hemicellulose (polysaccaride) 35% Pectin (Polysaccaride which absorbs water) 5-10% Protein (extensin) |
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Two phases in making a cell wall |
Crystalline microfibrillar phase -Cellulose Noncrystalline matrix -Pectic polysaccaride -Hemicellulose polysaccaride |
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Hemicellulose structure function |
Heterogeneous group of monosaccharides. Long chain of sugar with small side chains to form a rigid structure |
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Pectin in cell wall structure function |
Polysaccharides which bind water and have gel like properties |
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Primary cell wall protein Arrangement when young vs mature |
-Extensins random arrangement when still growing as cell wall can expand -Extensins cross linking of pectin occurs when cell is fully grown, this causes dehydration, strengthening but reduces extensability
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Steps to synthesis of primary cell wall |
1) Cellulose microfibrils at plasma membrane 2) Polysaccharides (pectin and hemicellulose) in the Golgi is transported to the wall in vesicles 3) Extensins from rough ER. The vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane |
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How is Cellulose synthesised? What happens after cellulose is made? |
On the plasma membrane there is a multisubunit complex which contains the enzyme cellulose synthase the cell can't get it back because it is too hard to degrade |
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How is the cellulose arranged ? |
The cellulose move parallel to the cortical Microtubules which are on the other side of the cell membrane |
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Cell wall function |
Structural support Influences cell morphology(shape) Protection Prevents excessive water uptake (turgor) |
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How does the orientation of cellulose influence morphology? |
1) Random orientations-cell will expand equally in all directions 2) Right angles-cell will expand longitudinally |
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How does the cell wall protect? |
Cell wall acts as a protective barrier The cell wall isn't just passive, it will kill fungus by sensing and responding |
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How does a cell wall prevent excess water uptake? |
Cell vacuole has negative osmotic potential and will full up from osmosis The cell wall stops the cell from bursting from turgor pressure, thus causing a cell to be ridged when watered |
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Key things with a secondary cell wall |
Not all plant cells have secondary cell walls Produced after cell has stopped growing Thicker and stronger than primary cell wall Provides more structural support than primary cell wall |
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Secondary cell wall structure |
Made of multiple layers Microfibrils have different orientations This strengthens the secondary cell wall |
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Chemical characteristics of secondary cell wall |
More cellulose Less pectin 15-35% lignin |
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What is lignin made of structure and function in the cell wall? |
Complex phenolic polymer Lignin is strong rigid and hydrophobic Less likely to pathogenic attacks |
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How does a intercellular communication occur through the cell wall? |
Using plasmodesmata It is a channel through the cell wall -The plasma membrane, therefore cytoplasm is continuous from one cell to another -Too small for organelles to pass through but small particles can A pit field is multiple plasmodesmata in an area
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What 'sticks' the cells together? What's it made of? |
The lamella which is made of a polysaccaride called pectin |
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How does a virus move within a plant? How can you stop the virus from spreading? |
The viral nucleic acid will move from through the plasmodesmata using gating proteins Use a mutant gene for the transport protein which will mean the DNA can't get through the plasmodesmata
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What makes cellulose hard to break down? What makes cellulose hard to break down? |
Long ribbons which have hydrogen bonds between eachother, this makes them ordered and strong |
