Cells, Meiosis And Mitosis

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Cell

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The most basic unit of life

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Embryogenesis

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The development of cells into embryos and bodies that are able to preform the tasks necessary for life

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Cell Theory

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The realization that all living organisms are made of cells; it was first proposed in 1839 by Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. Anton van Leewenhoek did play a role in its development when he first discovered cells in the early 1700's

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Organelles

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Specialized structures in Eukaryotic cells. (Prokaryotic cells such as Bacteria don't contain organelles.)

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Cell Membrane

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Outer boundary of the cell body, where the cell encounters its environment. It regulates food that comes in to turn into energy as well as the waste that leaves. It also maintains the environment inside the cell. It detects signals from other cells such as communication between egg and sperm. Also sticks to other cells to create multi-cellular structures (organs)

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Cystol

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A viscous substance in a cell where small molecules are dissolved and organelles are embedded.

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Cytoplasm

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The combination of Cystol and Organelles (everything inside the cell membrane)

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Nucleus

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The most prominent organelle inside the cell; it houses the chromosomes that contain the genetic information. Houses chromosomes

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Chromosomes

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Structure that contains most of the genetic information of the cell. Genetic instructions are written in the language of the molecule DNA. These instructions are organized into genes. The DNA of geneses directs the production of molecules that are important for a cells structure, function and identity.

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Mitochondria

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Organelle responsible for extracting energy from food molecules. Abundant in muscles to help the demand of energy needed by muscles; also in developing embryos there is an abundant amount

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Endomembrane System

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Produces important molecules and delivers them to key locations within and outside of the cell; consists of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Especially responsible for the development of brain, lung, liver, or skin in early development.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

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Handles synthesis of fats and lipids including those that compose the cell membrane. Also helps break down and eliminates some toxic substances. Liver cells are especially rich in SER because its job to detox blood.

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

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Produces proteins, molecules essential for cell structure and regulation. RER gets its name from the ribosomes that stud the surface. Once Ribosomes send proteins in some are packaged in bubble like vesicles, which then travel to other destinations in the cell.

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Ribosomes

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Stud RER and threads the protein into the interior of the RER as its being made. Proteins are made here.

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Golgi Apparatus

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The place where many proteins acquire their final structure. Ex. some proteins become digestive enzymes here. Vesicles filled with proteins leave from here to outside the cell to fulfill other purposes.

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Lysosomes

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Digests waste materials and worn-out organelles and recycles the molecules so they can be reused.

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Cytoskeleton

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Maintains the shape of the cell and the positions of the organelles. Contains three major components: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

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Microtubles

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Hollow rods that determine cell shape and help with cell movement. Flagella, the motile tails on sperm, for example, are largely made of microtubles

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Microfilaments

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Thin, strong, and versatile and aid in cell movement. Rings of these along with the help of other proteins, pinches the cell membrane so that cells may divide in two (Mitosis and Meiosis)

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Intermediate filaments

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strengthen cells and areas of the embryo, such as covering of the cells nucleus.

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Gametes

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Sex cells. All organisms that undergo sexual reproduction have these (Sperm and Egg)

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Meiosis

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Special kind of cell division that produces eggs or sperm. Meiosis has two phases. It starts with single diploid cell that has 92 chromosomes (because of genetic replication) they split into two haploid cells that contain 46 Chromosomes each. Then in the second stage the cells separate into haploid cells containing 23 chromosomes (gametes)

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Homologues

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The human body has 46 Chromosomes that are organized into two set of 23. These pairs are called homologues.

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Diploid Cell

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Cell containing two complete sets of Chromosomes. (92 Total Chromosomes)

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Haploid Cell

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A cell with just one set of chromosomes (In Meiosis 1 the haploid cells have a set of 23 with a replicated set making 46. In Meiosis 2 the cell only contains 23 chromosomes without the replicated chromosome)

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Interphase

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The stage in cell division when cells prepare materials that will be necessary for meiosis or mitosis to occur. "Resting Stage" but during this phase chromosomes replicate, all organelles still function and cells increase in sized.

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Prophase 1

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Chromosomes become shorter and thicker and line up with their homologues. Membrane surrounding the nucleus comes apart leaving the chromosomes in the cytoplasm.

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Spindle

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Formed from microtubules of the cytoskeleton, this is a structure that helps to distribute chromosome to new cells.

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Metaphase 1

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The stage in the first round of cell division when paired chromosomes line up in single file down the middle of the cell. The spindles are the things that line them.

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Anaphase 1

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The stage in the first round of cell division when paired chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles, leaving a haploid set of chromosomes on each side of the cell.

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Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

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The stage in the first round of cell division when the cell pinches and divides in two; each new cell has a complete set of organelles and chromosomes.

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Chromatid

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One of two copes of the DNA and proteins that make up a replicated chromosome; replicated chromosomes are composed of two chromatids. End result of Meiosis 1 two haploid cells with two chromatids.

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Meiosis 2

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The haploid cells created in Meiosis one go through a split again and become 4 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes. End result of Meiosis, gametes.

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Prophase 2

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Stage in the second round of cell division when chromosomes still in their compact form attach to the newly formed spindle

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Metapahse 2

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The stage in the second round of cell division when chromosomes line up in a single file in the middle of the cell.

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Anaphase 2

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Second round of cell division when the two chromatids of each chromosome detach from each other and move to opposite ends of the cell; each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of chromosomes. composed of 1 chromatid

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Telophase 2

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Second round cell division when the nuclear membrane reforms, enclosing the chromosomes.

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Zygote

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One celled embryo produced as a result of fertilization. Sperm and egg cells find each other and combine to create a diploid cell (Two full sets of chromosomes)

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Clevage

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(After fertilization) The start of embryogenesis when the cells divide into new cells.

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Embryo

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The earliest stage of development

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Mitosis

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A type of cell division during which all of the chromosomes in a cell are copied or replicated, and each new cell receives genetic information identical to the parent cell. (Meiosis's difference is there is a paternal and maternal chromosomes)

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Placenta

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An organ that connects a developing fetus to the mother's uterine wall and provides for an exchange of nutrients and waste elimination. Comes to exist at the 16 cell phase of development as the outer cells

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Embryonic Stem Cell

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Cell that can produce any type of cell in the body. These are the inner cells at the 16 cell phase of development

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Gastrulation

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A stage in embryonic development in which cells and tissues move to mew locations, where they will grow into organs

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Neural Tube

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Forms during gastrulation, its a tissue that starts from a flat sheet of cells and rolls up and eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord.

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Differentiation

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The change from cells that have unlimited potential (embryo-tic Cells) to cells that are specialized (adult cells). This happens through a series of commitments, similar to marriage. Differentiation depends on cell communication and gene expression

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What three major types of cells emerge during Gastrulation?

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Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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Muscle cells derive from what major type of embryonic cell?

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Mesoderm

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Skin cells, pigment cells, and neurons are derived from what major type of embryonic cell?

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Ectoderm

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Thyroid and pancreatic cells are derived from what major type of embryonic cell?

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Endoderm

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Describe Gene Expression

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The process during which the information in genes is used.

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What is Neurulation and when does it begin?

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The formation of the earliest stages of the central nervous system (CNS) and it begins 3 weeks after fertilization.

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At approximately what week does embryonic development finish and fetal development begin?

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Week 8

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What has started developing by the end of embryonic development?

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Formation of the CNS, limbs, eyes, nose, heart, fingers and toes, and cartilage has begun to develop into bone.

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During 12-15 Weeks what can be said about a Fetus?

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Gender can be discerned and fingernails form.

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What develops during Week 16-19 of pregnancy?

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Skeleton is developed, eyelashes, eyebrows and hair on the head.

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When can you begin to detect fetal heartbeat?

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20-23 weeks

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When do the eyes of a fetus open?

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Weeks 24-31

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How would you best describe weeks 32-39 in fetus development?

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Fetus increases in size dramatically, lungs mature, and body hair disappears.

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What normally triggers labor?

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Once the lungs are fully developed

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What happens during stage one of labor?

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Uterine contractions pull the lower part of the uterus up toward the fetus's head and push the fetus down. This aids in the dilation of the cervix. (eventually dilating to 10cm) The amnion sac breaks and Stage one ends once full dilation occurs.

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What happens during stage two of labor or "hard labor"?

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Contractions are very strong occurring every 1 to 2 minutes. End result the baby is born.