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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Valence Electrons |
Electron on the otter most shell |
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Electronegativity |
the pull of electrons |
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Hydrogen Bond |
H Covalently bound to an electronegative atom and attracted to another electronegative atom |
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Hydrogen Bonding and Cell Membrane |
two layers of phospholipid bilayer a head group that contain phosphate charges phosphate creates with polar and ionic head a tail group are lipids, fat, which are made up of carbons and hydrogen. hydrogen creates non-polar bonds in the tail hydrogen would go to the phosphate molecule heads are on the outside while the tails are on the inside facing each other protected from water. the heads will interact with water |
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Hydrophilic |
water loving molecules that have affinity for water polar ionic heads |
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hydrophobic |
water fearing molecules that do not have affinity for water non-polar tails |
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prokaryotes
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have no nucleus |
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eukaryotes |
has a nucleus |
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early earth |
earth bombarded with rocks and ice very hot |
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early atmosphere |
thick with water vapor compounds released from volcanic aruptions lighting and UV radiation as earth cooled, water vapor condenses to form oceans |
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early stages of life |
synthesis of small organic molecules joining of these molecules into macromolecules packing of these molecules into membrane bound structures origin of self-replicating molecules |
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synthesis of small organic molecules |
amino acids and nucleotides |
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joining of these molecules into macromolecules |
proteins nucleic acids |
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packaging of these molecules into membrane bound structures |
different internal chemistry |
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origin of self-replicating molecules |
allowed for inheritance |
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form the experiment |
reactant: H20, H2, CH4, NH3 Products: Ch20, HCN, Amino Acids, Hydrocarbons |
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conclusion |
abiotic synthesis of organic compounds may have contributed may have contributed to the early stages of life on earth |
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Organic Chemistry |
compounds containing carbon large diversity of biological molecules |
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tetravalence |
4 valence electrons to share formation of up to 4 covalent bonds each C can branch in up to 4 directions non-polar Covalent bond angle is 90 degrees |
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double bonds |
Ethylene bonds all in same plane |
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hydrocarbons |
only H & C Atoms hydrophobic compounds components of petroleum and fat store and release a large amount of energy |
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isomers |
compounds with the same atoms arranges in different structures different properties |
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structural isomers |
differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms pentane 2-methyl Butane |
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pentane |
Arrange the carbons in a line so each Carbon can create a bond with 4 |
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2-methyl Butane |
arrange the Carbon, 3 carbons in a row and from the central Carbon branch upward with two carbon and fill in with hydrogen. Almost like a towers |
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Geometric Isomers |
differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms attached to carbons in double bonds cis isomer trans isomer vision and isomerization |
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cis isomer |
the two Xs are on the same side |
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trans isomer |
the two Xs are on opposite sides |
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vision and isomerization |
change in retinal configuration retinal can be in the cis and trans when light hits the retinal it changes from cis to trans it doesn't change the chemical just the properties |
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enantiomers |
mirror images l isomer D Isomer asymmetric Carbon Four distinct chemical around the carbon |
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Pharmacology of enantiomers |
ibuprofen, albuterold, thalidomide |
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ibuprofen |
S ibuprofen: Effective R Ibuprofen: Ineffective |
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Albuterol |
R Albuterol: Effective S Albuterol: Ineffective |
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Thalidomide |
S thalidomide: Causes birth defects R thalidomide: reduces morning sickness |
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Hydroxyl Group |
Covalent bond Polar Bond A partial negative charge on Oxygen and positive on Hydrogen |
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Carbonyl Group |
double bond with oxygen |
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Carboxyl Group |
acetic acid |
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methyl group |
non-polar hydrophobic |
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phosphate group |
true charges negative charges on Oxygen adenosine triphosphate |
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lipids |
class of biological molecules mostly hydrocarbons hydrophobic biologically important lipids |
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fats |
composed of glycerol and fatty acids energy rich dehydration reaction forms an ester linkage |
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triacylglycerol |
triglyceride you have a polar region and a non-polar region |
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Saturated Fats |
Solid at room temp animal fats fatty acid is saturated with hydrogen no double bonds a chain of carbons linked together diet rich in saturated fats increase the risk of heart disease |
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Unsaturated Fats |
liquid at room temp plant and fish fats one or more double bonds cis double bond cause bending |
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phospholipids |
fatty acids hydrophobic tails hydrophilic head
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Steroids |
ring shaped lipids come from cholesterol |
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carbohydrates |
class of biological molecules sugars and polymers of sugars source of energy energy storage structural roles in cell walls |
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Glucose |
most common sugar carbonyl group multiple hydroxyl group hexose (6 C) Energy source linear and ring structures of glucose disaccharides polymers of glucose biological macromoleculesp |
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polymers of glucose |
starch plants animals insects |
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biological macromolecules |
nucleic acids proteins |
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biological macromolecules |
nucleic acids proteins |
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macromolecules transmit genetic information |
DNA --> RNA --> Protein the central dogma |
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Nucleic Acids |
DNA RNA Sugars |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid stores genetic material instructions double |
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RNA |
Ribonucleic Acid intermediary between DNA and Protein the messenger single mRNA tRNA rRNA |
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mRNA |
Messenger |
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tRNA |
transfer translation |
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rRNA |
ribosomal translation |
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made of nucleotides |
sugars phosphate group nitrogen-containing base |
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sugars in nucleic acids |
ribose (5 C) deoxyribose |
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nitrogenous bases |
Purines Pyrimidine Attached to ribose/deoxyribose hydrophobic flat molecules |
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Purines |
contain two rings Adenine (A) Guanine (G) |
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pyrimidine |
Contain one ring Cytosine Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA) |
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polymer of nucleotides |
sugars and phosphate groups connect to form backbone of DNA/RNA covalent bonds form sugars and phosphate groups connected by phosphodiester bonds hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces |
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DNA Double Helix |
sugar-phosphate backbone anti-parallel strands nitrogen bases inside H bonding between bases Hydrogen bonds hold strand together |
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anti-parallel |
running in opposite directions divided into two |
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melting temperature of DNA |
50% DNA-->S.S. DNA tataat easy gcggcc harder |
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DNA Sequence |
Genetic information is encoded in 4 bases of DNA linear order of DNA bases specifies amino acid sequence of proteins |
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transcription |
DNA --> RNA |
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translation |
RNA --> Protein |
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Proteins |
enzymes Structural Proteins Transport proteins receptor proteins defensive proteins |
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amino acids |
building block of proteins r group amino group on the left and carboxyl group on the right |
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20 amino acids, 20 unique side chain R groups |
non-polar groups polar groups charged groups structure and function of a protein is determined by chemistry of side chain R groups |
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amino acid examples |
non-polar polar charged |
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non-polar |
Glycine Alanine Covalent Bond |
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Polar |
serine threonine hydrophilic |
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charged |
aspartic acid lysine |
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linking amino acids |
dehydration reaction peptide bond formed between carboxyl and amino groups polypeptide |
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primary structure |
sequence of amino acids encoded in DNA amino end amino acid subunits |
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secondary strucure |
examples of amino acid subunits H bonding between constituents of polypeptide backbone Beta pleated sheet alpha helix |
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Tertiary structure |
r groups come in interaction between side chain groups hydrophobic interaction and van der Waals interactions polypeptide backbone side chain group interactions dictate overall shape of protein
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interaction between side chain groups |
h bonds ionic bonds van der waals disulfide bonds |
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Quaternary Structure |
the joining of polypeptide subunits the subunits can be the same they can form a triple helix or they can be different adopting their own structure |
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normal gene |
hemoglobin protein is normal ability to bind and transport O2 |
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sickle-cell anemia |
recessive mutation hemoglobin protein is abnormal abnormal red blood cell shape blood flow can be restricted |
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Beta Chain Hemoglobin differences |
146 Amino Acids the 6th amino acids is what causes the differences Glutamic Acid Valine |
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Glutamic Acid |
Normal Negative charge on one of its oxygen electrolly charged amino acid ionic bonds hydrophilic 2nd degree and 3rd degree structure quarternary structure polar |
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Valine |
sickle-cell non-polar hydrophobic exposed hydrophobic region quaternary structure |
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Protein Sequence and Evolution |
DNA and protein sequences are more similar among closely related species |
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molecular phylogenetics |
using protein/DNA sequences to infer evolutionary relationships |
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Domains of life |
common ancestor |
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common ancestor |
3.5 Billion Years ago Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
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Cells |
smallest units of life prokaryotic eukaryotic |
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prokaryotic |
pro Karyon (Nucleus) common bacteria domain achaea 1-5 microns 1 X 10-6 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial Chromosome a typical rod-shaped bacterium circular shape double helix |
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Eukaryotic |
Eu (True) Karyotic (Nucleus) 10-100 Microns animal plant same chemical composition |
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animal cells |
nucleus ribosomes endomembrane systmes golgi apparatus specialized Structures energy transforming organelles |
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Nucleus |
nuclear pore complexes chromatin nuclear envelope nucleolus |
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ribosomes |
large and small subunits site of protein synthesis free and bound forms complexes of RNA & protein |
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Endomembrane system |
ER Transport Vesicle |
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ER |
Extensive network of membranes surrounds the nucleus smooth ER Rough ER |
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Smooth ER |
Diverse metabolic functions synthesis of lipids metabolism of carbohydrates detoxification enzymes |
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Rough ER |
surface is studded with ribosomes protein synthesis in ribosomes membrane proteins membrane synthesis transport vesicles from the ER |
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Golgi Apparatus |
cis face vesicles from ER trans face receives transport vesicles from ER modifies polypeptides directs products to other parts of cell in vesicles |
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Specialized Structures |
Lysosomes vacuoles |
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Lysosomes |
contain hydrolytic enzymes |
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Vacuoles |
membrane bound vesicles |
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Energy transforming organelles |
mitochondria chloroplasts |
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mitochondria |
site of cellular respiration intermembrane space outer membrane inner membrane cristae matrix free ribosomes in the mitochondrial amtrix contain DNA genetic |
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genetics |
mitochondria have their own DNA and protein synthesis machinery production of enzymes for cellular respiration maternal inheritance of mitochondria mitochondrial DNA serves as a genetic maker |
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Chloroplasts |
site of photosynthesis in plants and algae light absorbing pigment enzymes for photosynthesis ribosomes thylakoid stroma inner and outer membranes granum photosynthesis |
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endosymbiotic theory |
mitochondria and chlorplasts originated as bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells |
