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373 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following are adhesive molecules of extracellular matrix?
a. integrins b. fibronectin c. both d. neither |
fibronectin
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Laminin is found in the:
a. plasma membrane of epithelial cells b. plasma membrane of connective tissue cells c. basal lamina d. all of the above |
basal lamina
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Glycosaminoglycans are composed of
a. collagen b. core proteins c. disaccharides d. all of the above. |
disaccharides
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replication of the DNA in the nucleus occurs during:
G1 G2 S M |
S
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Epithelia that form a water proof barrier on the outside of the body are:
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stratified squamous keratinized
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epithelia tissue is characterized by the almost total lack of extracellular matrix T/F
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True
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Cell surface specializations of epithelia are found on what surface?
a. basal b. apical |
apical
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the name given to epithelial cells lining blood vessels is
a. mesothelium b. endothelium c. simple squamous epithelium |
endothelium
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pseudostratified epithelia are an example of what epithelium?
a. simple b. stratified |
simple
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most glandular epithelia secrete by what method?
a. apocrine b. holocrine c. merocrine |
merocrine
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which of the following are normal components of the extracellular matrix?
a. hyaluronic acid b. elastic fibers c. both d. neither |
both
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the term "axoneme" refers to a
a. cilium b. flagellum c. both d. neither |
both
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which cell junction is found between the basal surface of an epithelial cell and the basal lamina?
a. tight junction b. hemidesmosome c. gap junction d. desmosome |
hemidesmosome
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which junction allows for cytoplasmic communication between adjacent cells?
a. tight junction b. hemidesmosome c. gap junction d. desmosome |
gap junction
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motor proteins are associated with _____ enabling them to move.
a. cilia b. microvilli c. both d. neither |
cilia
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the major protein component of stereocilia is
a. actin b. myosin c. tubulin d. keratin |
actin
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the most variable part of the cell cycle in terms of length is?
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G1
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the concentration of cyclins in a cell increases during mitosis.
T/F |
false. increases during interphase
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long lived cells that exit the cell cycle and enter G0, do so during:
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G1
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repository for genetic information
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nucleus
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major site of ATP (energy) production
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mitochondria
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regulates the passage of material into the cell
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plasma membrane
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where does synthesis of secreted proteins take place??
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rough ER
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completes glycosylation of proteins
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golgi
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involved in cellular recycling
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lysosomes
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known as microbodies
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peroxisome or centriole
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microvilli are composed of
a. microtubules b. microfilaments c. intermediate filaments d. all of the above |
microfilaments
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the major protein component of
the microtubules is a. myosin b. keratin c. actin d. tubulin |
tubulin
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the process of cell death sometimes called cell suicide is also known as
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apoptosis
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the basal body of a cilium can be described as:
a. 9+2 b. 9+0 |
9+0
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cholesterol is the basis of the structure of
a. terpenes b. steroids c. both d. neither |
steroids
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a neutral fat is composed of
a. glycerol b. fatty acids c. both d. neither |
both
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energy is stored in animal cells in the form of starch T/F
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false
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lipids found in membranes include
a. phosopholipids b. sphingolipids c. both d. neither |
both
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the presence of both an amine group and a carboxyl group is the basic characteristic of all amino acids T/F
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True
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proteins that have extracellular domain as well as cytoplasmic domain are examples of _____membrane proteins
a. extrinsic b. intrinsic |
intrinsic
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an organelle that is surrounded by two membranes is the
a. nuclues b. mitochondria c. both d. neither |
both
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during the process of cellular respiration, which of the following normally occurs in the cytoplasm?
a. electron transport b. tricarboxylic acid cycle c. both d. neither |
neither. glycolysis normally occurs in the cytoplasm
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during the process of cellular respiration, which of the following is accomplished using membrane-bound proteins?
a. electron transport b. tricarboxylic acid cycle |
electron transport
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the monomers of proteins are joined together by peptide bonds. T/F
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True
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the presence of a beta-sheet in a protein is an example of its _____structure.
a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary |
secondary
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the organization of a protein so that hydrophobic amino acids are folded into the interior of the protein is an example of its ______structure.
a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary |
tertiary
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polysaccharides are used by cells as:
a. enzymes b. carriers of genetic information c. storage of energy d. all of the above |
storage of energy
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the hydrophobic part of phospholipids is contributed by the
a. phosphate b. amine group c. both d. neither |
neither...fatty acid
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place in order of increasing complexity:
molecules macromolecules atoms organelles |
atoms--molecules--macromolecules--organelles
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the bonds present in O2 are an example of??
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covalent bonds
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what type of bond gives H2O its unique properties?
a. hydrogen bonds b. polar covalent c. both d. neither |
both
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what type of bond is important in holding bases of complementary strands of DNA?
a. covalent b. polar covalent c. ionic d. hydrogen |
hydrogen
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the most abundant component of cells is:
a. protein b. polysaccharide c. lipid d. water |
water
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adjacent nucleotides of nucleic acids are joined by phosphanyhdride bonds. T/F
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False: phosphodiester bonds
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which of the following is an example of dense CT?
a. dense irregular b. elastic c. both d. neither |
both
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which of the following is only present during prenatal development?
a. areolar tissue b. mucoid tissue c. both d. neither |
mucoid
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dense regular CT is a normal component of the periosteum. T/F
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true
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which of the following fibers are normal components of mesenchyme?
a. collagen b. elastic c. reticular d. none of the above |
none of the above. mesenchyme doesn't have any fibers.
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which of the following are derived from precursors in the bone marrow?
a. fibroblasts b. adipocytes c. macrophages d. all of the above |
macrophages
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which of the following cell types produces type III collagen?
a. mesenchymal b. reticular c. fibroblast d. kupffer |
reticular
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multilocular adipocytes are specialized for heat production T/F
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True.. babies use for heat production
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which of the following is surrounded by a perichondrium?
a. hyaline cartilage of the trachea b. elastic cartilage of the epiglottis c. both d. neither |
both
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fibrocartilage is found in all of the following except:
a. menisci of the knee b. articular surface of the knee c. symphysis pubis d. all of the above |
articular surface of the knee
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hyaline cartilage can grow by _____ growth.
a. interstitial b. appositional c. both |
both
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chondrocytes produce ____ matrix
a. territorial b. interterritorial c. both |
both
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type II collagen is present in fibrocartilage T/F
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false
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elastic cartilage is more/less flexible than fibrocartilage?
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more
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what kind of bone is immediately adjacent to the marrow cavity of long bones?
a. compact b. trabecular |
trabecular
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cancellous bone is another name for _____ bone
a. compact b. trabecular |
trabecular
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canaliculi are the cavities within bone that normally contain the cell bodies of osteoblasts. T/F
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false
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which of the following stimulates resporption
parathyroid or calcitonin |
parathyroid hormone
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Which of the following normally secrete osteoid?
A. osteoclast B. osteocyte C. osteoblast D. more than one of the above |
osteoblast
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During endochondral bone formation, the zone of reserve contains abundant osteoblasts.
A. true B. false |
false
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Osteoclasts are derived from:
A. stem cells in the bone marrow B. osteoprogenitor cells |
stem cells in bone marrow
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Blood is a special type of connective tissue that maintains:
A. acid-base balance B. osmotic balance C. both D. neither |
both
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Which of the following normally has a lobed nucleus?
A. granulocyte B. agranulocyte C. both D. neither |
granulocyte
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When measured by hematocrit, which of the following is present in greatest volume?
A. leucocytes B. erythrocytes C. they are present in equal volume |
erythrocytes
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Anemia can be due to:
A. low red cell numbers B. low amount of hemoglobin C. both D. neither |
both
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Which of the following is a precursor of macrophages?
A. neutrophil B. monocyte C. both D. neither |
monocyte
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Lymphocytes are precursors of platelets.
A. true B. false |
false
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The term muscle fiber refers to a single muscle cell.
A. true B. false |
true
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Which of the following is referred to as a striated muscle?
A. cardiac muscle B. skeletal muscle C. both D. neither |
both
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Calcium ions are sequestered in the:
A. T tubules B. sarcoplasmic reticulum C. both D. neither |
sarcoplamic reticulum
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Chains of sarcomeres in striated muscle are called:
A. myofibers B. myofibrils C. myofilaments |
myofibrils
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Which of the following have centrally located nuclei?
A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. both D. neither |
cardiac muscle
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Which of the following normally retains the ability to divide by mitosis?
A. skeletal muscle B. cardiac muscle C. smooth muscle D. all of the above |
smooth muscle
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Which of the following is not present in smooth muscle?
A. myosin B. actin C. troponin D. all are present in smooth muscle |
troponin
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In skeletal muscle, actin is present in all of the following except:
A. A band B. I band C. H band D. it is present in all of the above |
H band
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In smooth muscle, calcium ions bind directly to:
A. myosin light chain kinase B. actin C. myosin D. calmodulin |
calmodulin
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Which of the following is necessary for contraction of skeletal muscle?
A. ATP B. myosin C. calcium D. all of the above |
all of the above
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum is present in _____ muscle.
A. skeletal B. smooth C. both D. neither |
skeletal
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Which of the following is found in thin filaments?
A. myomesin B. titin C. both D. neither |
neither
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Which of the following are supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system?
A. microglia B. oligodendrocytes C. Schwann cells D. astrocytes |
schwann cells
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Information from the environment is carried into the central nervous system by:
A. afferent neurons B. efferent neurons C. spinal cord D. brain |
afferent neurons
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Polyribosomes studded on RER in the neuronal cell body are called:
A. axon hillocks B. Nissl bodies C. mirotubules D. perikaryons |
nissl bodies
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The nervous system division responsible for involuntary actions in the body and innervates smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands is called:
A. somatic Nervous System B. central Nervous System C. peripheral Nervous System D. autonomic Nervous System |
autonomic nervous system
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In spinal cord grey mater, sensory neurons reside in:
A. dorsal horn B. cortex C. white matter D. afferent neuron |
dorsal
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The neuronal resting membrane potential is -65 mV because:
A. K+ concentration is greater inside the neuron;Na+ concentration is greater outside B. Ca+ concentration is greater inside the neuron; K+ concentration is greater outside C. all of the above D. none of the above |
K+ concentration is greater inside the neuron;Na+ concentration is greater outside
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The nerve impulse passes from the nerve dendrite→ cell body → axon hillock → axon → terminal arborisation of the neuron.
A. true B. false |
true
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The cerebellar cortex is made of the following layers except:
A. molecular layer B. Purkinje cells layer C. granule cells layer D. white mater layer. |
white mater later
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Retrograde transport is transport towards cell body mediated by:
A. dynein B. kinesin C. actin D. intermediate filaments |
dynein
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Which synapses convey the action potential via Gap junctions?
A. chemical synapses B. electrical synapses C. excitatory neurotransmitter D. inhibitory neurotransmitter |
electrical synapses
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Grey mater in the peripheral nervous system is an aggregation of neuronal cell bodies. It is given the name of:
A. tract B. nucleus C. ganglia D. peripheral nerve bundle. |
ganglia
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. All of the following are examples of neurotransmitters except:
A. serotonin B. glutamate C. endorphins D. thrombin |
thrombin
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Fenestrated capillaries are found in the:
A. kidney B. pituitary gland C. both D. neither |
both
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The cardiac skeleton is composed of ________ tissue.
A. epithelial B. connective C. muscle D. nerve |
connective
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The cells that comprise the interventricular bundle of His are modified cardiac muscle cells.
A. true B. false |
true
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The thickest layer of the wall of the ventricle is called the:
A. endocardium B. myocardium C. epicardium D. all are equally thick |
myocardium
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Portal systems are characterized by the presence of:
A. fenestrated capillaries B. continuous capillaries C. two capillary beds D. capillaries with a discontinuous basal lamina |
two capillary beds
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of arteries?
A. they have a relatively thick tunica media B. they may have an internal elastic lamina C. they have longitudinally arranged smooth muscle in the tunica adventitia D. all of the above are characteristic of arteries |
they have longitudinally arranged smooth muscle in the tunica adventitia
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. Ions move across membranes against their concentration gradient by simple diffusion.
A. true B. false |
false
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The co-transport of sodium and glucose into a cell is an example of _____ transport using a ______.
A. passive, antiport B. passive, symport C. active, antiport D. active, symport |
active, symport
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Water leaves blood by the force of osmotic pressure and returns to it because of hydrostatic pressure.
A. true B. false |
false
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Which of the following are transported in blood primarily bound inside red blood cells?
A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. both D. neither |
oxygen
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Carbonic anhydrase is important for the transport of:
A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. both D. neither |
carbon dioxide
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide move ______ their concentration gradients when being exchanged between blood and tissue.
A. against B. down |
down
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Primary lymphoid organs include the:
A. spleen B. thymus C. both D. neither |
thymus
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Lymphocytes can be found in the connective tissue of the:
A. respiratory tract B. digestive tract C. both D. neither |
both
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T lymphocytes originate from the thymus gland.
A. true B. false |
false
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In lymph nodes, lymph can be located in the:
A. subcapsular sinus B. medullary sinus C. both D. neither |
both
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Lymphoid nodules are composed of ___ lymphocytes.
A. T B. B C. both D. neither |
B lymphocytes
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Immature T lymphocytes develop immunocompetency in the:
A. bone marrow B. thymus C. both D. neither |
thymus
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Worn out erythrocytes are normally removed from circulation in the:
A. bone marrow B. spleen C. lymph node D. thymus |
spleen
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Cords of Bilroth are components of the _____ pulp of the spleen.
A. white B. red |
red
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Most _____ are composed of multiple ______.
A. epitopes, immunogens B. immunogens, antigens C. antigens, epitopes D. epitopes, antigens |
antigens, epitopes
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Activated helper T cells have the ability to activate B cells.
A. true B. false |
true
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MHCI molecules are present on all nucleated cells.
A. true B. false |
true
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Which of the following produce antibodies?
A. cytotoxic T cells B. helper T cells C. plasma cells D. all of the above |
plasma cells
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The major antibody circulating in blood is:
A. IgA B. IgG C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM |
IgG
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Which of the following is a normal component of saliva?
A. IgA B. IgG C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM |
IgA
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Which of the following are phagocytic?
A. macrophages B. neutrophils C. both D. neither |
both
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The muscularis externa of the ____ contains skeletal muscle.
A. esophagus B. stomach C. both D. neither |
esophagus
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Submucosal glands are found in the stomach.
A. true B. false |
false
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The pyloric sphincter and internal anal sphincter are thickenings of the inner layer of the muscularis externa.
A. true B. false |
true
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Auerbach’s plexus is found in the _______ layer:
A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis externa D. adventitia |
muscularis externa
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intrinsic factor
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parietal cells
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cholecystokinin
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enteroendocrine cells
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lysozyme
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paneth cells
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bicarbonate is produced in the....
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ductal cells of the pancreas
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gastrin is produced where?
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enteroendocrine cells
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pepsinogen
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chief cells
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Which of the following are found in the mucosa of the stomach?
A. chief cells B. enteroendocrine cells C. both D. neither |
both
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The epithelium that is most characteristic of the large conducting passages of the respiratory tract is:
A. simple cuboidal B. stratified squamous C. simple columnar D. PCCE |
PCCE
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Mechanisms to clean air as it is conducted through the respiratory tract include the:
A. ciliated epithelium B. goblet cells C. both D. neither |
both
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Components of the alveolar septum include:
A. capillaries B. fibroblasts C. both D. neither |
both
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The blood-air barrier is composed in part of type II cells.
A. true B. false |
false
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Place the following in order from largest to smallest.
1. alveolar duct 2. terminal bronchiole 3. respiratory bronchiole A. 1, 2, 3 B. 2, 3, 1 C. 3, 2, 1 D. 3, 1, 2 |
2,3,1
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Goblet cells are found in the:
A. trachea B. bronchi C. both D. neither |
both
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In the stratum granulosum of the skin, lamellar bodies contain:
A. water proofing material B. keratohyalin C. both D. neither |
water proofing layer
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Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the _______ dermis.
A. papillary B. reticular C. both D. neither |
papillary
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The brown pigment of epidermal cells is produced by keratinocytes.
A. true B. false |
false. melanocytes
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The stratum ________ rests directly on a basal lamina.
A. basale B. spinosum C. both D. neither |
basale
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The stratum lucidum is found between the stratum _____ and stratum _____.
A. basale, corneum B. granulosum, spinosum C. corneum, spinosum D. granulosum, corneum |
granulosum, corneum
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Pacinian corpuscles are found in the:
A. papillary dermis B. hypodermis C. both D. neither |
hypodermis
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what is produced by endocrine cells and affects the function of a target cell?
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hormones
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T/F Hormones are secreted directly into blood or lymph
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True
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what are the divisions of the adenohypophysis?
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pars distalis
pars intermedia pars tuberalis |
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what are the divisions of the neurohypophysis?
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pars nervosa
infundibulum |
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Rathke's pouch is located in
a. adenohypophysis b. neurohypophysis |
adenohypophysis
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T/F adenohypophysis is made of neuroectoderm?
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False. Oral Ectoderm. The Neurohypophysis is made of neuroectoderm
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which side of the pituitary remains attached to the brain via infundibulum?
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neurohypophysis
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acidophils and basophils are considered to be what?
a. chomophobes b. chromophils |
chromophils
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secretes somatotropes -- somatotropin (hGH)
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acidophil
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hormone that affects epiphyseal plate of long bones
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somatropin (hGH)
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mammotropes that secrete prolactin are located where?
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prolactin is made by mammotropes, an acidophil, made in adenohypophysis
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secretes TSH
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basophils of adenohypophysis
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gonadotropes are secreted by what?
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basophils--chromotphils--adenohypophysis
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name the 2 gonadotropes and their functions (from adeno)
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FSH (females: ovarian follicles; males: stimulates sertoli cells to secrete ABP)
also LH (females: matures follicle and ovulation, maintains corpus luteum; males: promotes testosterone secretion by leydig cells |
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what are the 6 hormones of the adenohypophysis?
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hGH
Prolactin TSH FSH LH ACTH |
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what do corticotropes secrete?
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ACTH (promotes growht of adrenal cortex and secretion of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids)
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T/F secretion of adenhypophysis hormones is regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones?
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True
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T/F Herring Bodies are found in the adenohypophysis?
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false. found in neurohypophysis
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Name the 2 hormones of the neurohypophysis
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oxytocin, vasopressin
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T/F oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle of uterus and myoepithelial cells of mammary glands
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True
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what hormone acts on distal tubules and collective tubules of kidney to make them more permeable to water?
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vasopressin (ADH)
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T/F there is a hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system that delivers secondary hormones to the adenohypophysis
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true
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the only endocrine gland to store its own secretion is
a. thyroid b. pitutary c. parathyroid gland |
thyroid
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the functional unit of the thyroid is
a. chief cells b. oxyphil cells c. follicular cells |
follicular cells -- secrete colloid that is a precursor to T4 and T3 (regulate metabolic rate)
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T/F the thyroid is regulated by TSH
|
true
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parafollicular cells produce:
a. calictonin b. oxytocin c. prolactin |
calcitonin (lowers blood calcium by inhibiting bone resportion)
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T/F parathyroid glands are on the anterior thyroid gland
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false. they're on the posterior
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what cell secretes parathyroid hormone?
a. oxyphil cells b. chief cells |
chief cells.
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parathyroid hormone _______ blood level of calcium by increasing number and activity of osteoclasts. it _____ blood level of phosphate by decreasing resorption in kidney tubules, promoting its excretion
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increase, decrease
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which gland only makes hormones on demand?
a. adrenal gland b. thyroid c. thymus |
adrenal gland
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T/F the zona glomerulosa is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system
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true
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zona glomerulosa secretes
a. mineralcorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. gonadocorticoids |
mineralcorticoids - aldosterone
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the zona fasciculata secretes
a. mineralcorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. gonadocorticoids |
glucocorticoids - cortisol. preps body for fight of flight
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the zona reticularis secretes
a. mineralcorticoids b. glucocorticoids c. gonadocorticoids |
gonadocorticoids - DHEA
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T/F the zona glomerulosa is regulated by ACTH
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False. ONLY zona fasciculata and reticularis are regulated by ACTH
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T/F the adrenal medulla is derived from neural crest cells and is considered a modified sympathetic ganglion
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true
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T/F the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis are all a part of the adrenal medulla.
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false. all part of adrenal cortex!!!
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the adrenal medulla secretes what 2 hormones?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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T/F the adrenal medulla has a portal system that allows glucocorticoids from cortex to convert NE to EP in the medulla
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true
|
|
|
what do pinealocytes secrete?
|
melatonin
|
|
|
the crystallized calcium carbonates and calcium phosphates in the pineal gland are called??
|
brain sand
|
|
|
this system has a rapid and short lived response
a. nervous b. endocrine |
nervous
|
|
|
this system has a slower, longer lasting, more diverse response
a. nervous b. endocrine |
endocrine
|
|
|
two hormones derived from amino acids are....
|
epinephrine and norepinephrine
|
|
|
antidiuretic hormone is considered a ______hormone.
|
peptide
|
|
|
an example of a protein hormone is...
|
insulin ( regulates endocrine function)
|
|
|
steroids derived from cholesterol are considered...
|
lipids
|
|
|
hormones are regulated by:
a. growth b. rates of metabolic processes c. concentration d. stress response. e. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
paracrine response is
a. relatively local b. produced close to action c . active in inflammatory response d. prostaglandins and histamine e. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
T/F a steroids site of action is inside the nucleus
|
true. most other hormones can only bind to the plasma membrane receptor
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
A. areolar tissue B. blood C. bone D. all are types of connective tissue |
all are types of connective tissue
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a loose connective tissue?
A. areolar B. elastic C. reticular D. all are loose connective tissues |
elastic
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most abundant cell type of connective tissue?
A. macrophage B. adipocyte C. reticular cell D. fibroblast |
fibroblast
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a free cell of connective tissue?
A. mast cell B. macrophage C. reticular cell D. lymphocyte |
reticular cells
|
|
|
Which of the following is found in great abundance in lymphoid organs?
A. areolar tissue B. dense irregular C. reticular D. adipose |
reticular
|
|
|
Which of the following is found in the umbilical cord?
A. multilocular adipose B. mucoid C. dense irregular D. reticular |
mucoid
|
|
|
Which of the following types of collagen is found in the basal lamina?
A. I B. II C. III D. IV |
IV
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a component of the extracellular matrix?
A. collagen B. hyaluronic acid C. fibronectin D. macrophage |
macrophage
|
|
|
Proteoglycans contain protein and carbohydrate.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Elastic fibers are composed of:
A. type I collagen B. type II collagen C. type III collagen D. none of the above |
none of the above
|
|
|
Adhesive proteins of the extracellular matrix include:
A. fibronectin B. laminin C. both D. neither |
both
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most abundant type of cartilage?
A. hyaline B. elastic C. fibro D. all occur equally |
elastic
|
|
|
Which of the following types of cartilage is avascular?
A. hyaline B. elastic C. fibro D. all are avascular |
all are avascular
|
|
|
Which of the following types of cartilage is never surrounded by a perichondrium?
A. hyaline B. elastic C. fibro D. all may be surrounded by a perichondrium |
fibro
|
|
|
Growth of cartilage from the chondrogenic zone is an example of interstitial growth.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
What type of cartilage is found in the epiphyseal plate of growing long bones?
A. hyaline B. elastic C. fibro |
hyaline
|
|
|
Which of the following types of tissue preparation best preserves bone cells for study?
A. ground bone B. decalcified bone C. both are equally good at preserving the cells |
decalcalcified bone
|
|
|
Which of the following types of bone are present in the long bones of the extremities?
A. compact bone B. trabecular bone C. both |
both
|
|
|
Osteoprogenitor cells are found in both the periosteum and endosteum.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Which of the following maintains the matrix of bone?
A. osteoblasts B. osteocytes C. osteoclasts D. all of the above |
osteocytes
|
|
|
Which of the following differentiates directly from osteoprogenitor cells?
A. osteoblasts B. osteocytes C. osteoclasts D. all of the above |
osteoblasts
|
|
|
Like cartilage, bone is avascular.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Which of the following is the first type of bone to form in a developing tissue?
A. compact B. trabecular C. woven |
woven
|
|
|
Hemoglobin normally binds oxygen irreversibly.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
One of the characteristics of nerve tissue is its abundant extracellular matrix.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Neuron cell bodies are concentrated in the ___ of the brain.
A. gray matter B. white matter C. both D. neither |
gray matter
|
|
|
Which of the following conducts a signal toward the cell body?
A. dendrite B. axon C. both D. neither |
dendrite
|
|
|
The plasma membrane of neurons has:
A. ligand gated ion channels B. voltage gated ion channels C. both D. neither |
both
|
|
|
Which of the following are found in thick filaments?
A. troponin B. tropomyosin C. both D. neither |
neither. thick filaments are made of: myosin, A Band, myomesisn, titin
Thin filaments are made of actin, tropomyosin, and tropinon T,C and I. found in I and A bands. Alpha-actin maintain parallel arrangement and attaches filaments at Z line |
|
|
Actin is a component of _________ filaments.
A. thick B. thin |
thin
|
|
|
Which of the following is required for contraction of skeletal muscle?
A. actin B. myosin C. calcium D. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
All of the following elements are found in great abundance in living systems except:
A. carbon B. zinc C. hydrogen D. nitrogen |
zinc
|
|
|
Typically, hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Typically, hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
A. true B. false |
ionic
|
|
|
Adjacent molecules of water are closely associated in solution because of their:
A. covalent bonds B. hydrogen bonds C. van der Waals interactions D. hydrophobic interactions |
hydrogen
|
|
|
an amino acid is a monomer of...
|
protein
|
|
|
glycerol is a monomer of...
|
lipid
|
|
|
glucose is a monomer of...
|
polysaccharide
|
|
|
fatty acids are a monomer of...
|
lipids
|
|
|
A peptide bond joins adjacent monomers of a:
A. nucleic acid B. protein C. lipid D. polysaccharide |
protein
|
|
|
Which of the following is used by the cell to store genetic information?
A. polysaccharide B. protein C. lipid D. nucleic acid |
nucleic acid
|
|
|
Steroid hormones are contructed on a glycerol backbone.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?
A. electron transport B. TCA cycle C. glycolysis D. all of the above occur in the mitochondria |
glycolysis
|
|
|
Which of the following is normally processed in the Golgi?
A. cytoplasmic proteins B. proteins of the mitochondria C. nuclear proteins D. secreted proteins |
secreted proteins
|
|
|
The most inactive DNA is found in the:
A. euchromatin B. heterochromatin |
heterochromatin
|
|
|
Protein synthesis takes place in the:
A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. both D. neither |
rough ER
|
|
|
Other than the nucleus, which of the following contains DNA?
A. peroxisome B. mitochondria C. lysosome D. Golgi |
mitochondria
|
|
|
Which of the following is the most stable of cytoskeletal elements?
A. microtubules B. microfilaments C. intermediate filaments D. all are equally stable |
intermediate filaments
|
|
|
Which of the following is not true of epithelial tissue?
A. it is avascular B. the cells are polarized C. it has abundant extracellular matrix D. the cells rest on a basal lamina |
if has abundant extracellular matrix
|
|
|
Epithelial cells can be specialized for:
A. transcellular transport B. absorption C. secretion D. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
Endothelium is a special name for a specific type of simple squamous epithelium.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a simple epithelium?
A. mesothelium B. transitional C. pseudostratified D. all are simple epithelia |
transititional
|
|
|
Which of the following delivers its secretions via ducts to a specific location?
A. endocrine glands B. exocrine glands C. both D. neither |
exocrine glands
|
|
|
Which of the following is rich in carbohydrates?
A. serous secretion B. mucous secretion |
mucous secretion
|
|
|
A gland with elongated secretory units and branching ducts is classified as a:
A. simple tubular gland B. compound tubular gland C. simple alveolar gland D. compound alveolar gland |
compound tubular gland
|
|
|
Which of the following is not an adhesive junction?
A. desmosome B. gap junction C. zonula adherens D. all are adhesive junctions |
gap junxn
|
|
|
Arrange the following in order from shortest to longest.
1. cilia 2. microvilli 3. flagella A. 3, 2, 1 B. 3, 1, 2 C. 3, 2, 1 D. 2, 1, 3 |
2,1,3
|
|
|
Karyokinesis occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. S B. G1 C. M D. G2 |
M
|
|
|
When cells exit the cell cycle they are said to be in:
A. G1 B. G2 C. G0 D. apoptosis |
G0
|
|
|
Replication of DNA occurs during:
A. S B. G1 C. M D. G2 |
S
|
|
|
Cellular proteins that increase through interphase but disappear prior to mitosis are called:
A. maturation promoting factors B. phosphatases C. cyclins D. none of the above |
cyclins
|
|
|
name phase: chomosomes align at equatorial plane
|
metaphase
|
|
|
name phase: chomosomes appear
|
prophase
|
|
|
name phase: nuclear envelope breaks down
|
prophase
|
|
|
name phase: chromosomes separate into sister chromatids
|
metaphase
|
|
|
name phase: cytokinesis begins
|
anaphase
|
|
|
The most abundant type of blood vessel in the body is the:
A. artery B. vein C. capillary D. all are found in equal numbers |
capillary
|
|
|
The cardiac skeleton is composed of:
A. dense connective tissue B. muscle C. cartilage D. all of the above |
dense CT
|
|
|
Vasa vasorum are found in the outer layers of large arteries.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
In the tunica media of veins, smooth muscle is arranged:
A. along the longitudinal axis of the vessel B. circularly around the lumen of the vessel C. both |
circularly around the lumen of the vessel
|
|
|
Multiple fenestrated elastic lamina are found in the tunica _____ of large arteries.
A. intima B. media C. adventitia D. all of the layers |
media
|
|
|
Arteries always carry oxygen enriched blood to the tissues of the body.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Active transport across a membrane requires:
A. a transmembrane transporter protein B. a high energy phosphate C. both D. neither |
both
|
|
|
Blood cells will burst if placed in a(n) ______ solution.
A. hypertonic B. hypotonic C. isotonic |
hypotonic
|
|
|
Which of the following is an example of facilitated diffusion?
A. movement of oxygen across a membrane B. sodium/glucose transport C. sodium/potassium ATPase D. voltage gated sodium channels |
voltage gated sodium channels
|
|
|
As blood passes through the capillaries of the lung, oxygen:
A. diffuses out of the blood B. is actively transported out of the blood C. diffuses into the blood D. is actively transported into the blood |
diffuses into the blood
|
|
|
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary tends to _____ as the blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of the capillary.
A. increase B. decrease C. stay the same |
decrease
|
|
|
Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?
A. movement of oxygen across a membrane B. sodium/glucose transport C. sodium/potassium ATPase D. voltage gated sodium channels |
sodium/glucose transport
|
|
|
B lymphocytes can be found in the:
A. spleen B. lymph node C. both D. neither |
both
|
|
|
Which of the following is involved in cellular immunity?
A. B lymphocytes B. plasma cells C. T lymphocytes D. none of the above |
T lymphocytes
|
|
|
Which of the following are paired organs in the wall of the oral pharynx?
A. pharyngeal tonsils B. palatine tonsils C. lingual tonsils D. all of the above |
palatine tonsils
|
|
|
Which of the following has both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels?
A. thymus B. spleen C. tonsil D. lymph node |
lymph node
|
|
|
Which of the following has reticular cells?
A. lymph node B. spleen C. thymus D. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
Lymphoid nodules are present in the thymus.
A. true B. false |
false
|
|
|
Secretion of lysozyme is an example of _____ immunity.
A. innate B. acquired |
innate
|
|
|
Antigen binds to the ___ region of an antibody.
A. Fc B. Fab C. both D. neither |
fab
|
|
|
protein antigens contain multiple epitopes.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Cellular and humoral immune responses are coordinated by a specific class of ___ lymphocytes.
A. T B. B |
T
|
|
|
Which of the following antibodies is the first type produced during the initial response to an antigen?
A. IgA B. IgG C. IgE D. IgM |
IgM
|
|
|
Which of the following is phagocytic?
A. B lymphocyte B. T lymphocyte C. dendritic cell D. none of the above |
dendritic cells
|
|
|
Which of the following layers is found adjacent to the lumen of the stomach?
A. serosa B. mucosa C. muscularis D. adventitia |
mucosa
|
|
|
Which of the following have glands in the submucosa?
A. duodenum B. jejunum C. ileum D. none of the above |
duodenum
|
|
|
Which of the following secretes pepsinogen?
A. parietal cell B. paneth cell C. enteroendocrine D. chief cell |
chief cell
|
|
|
Cholecystokinin is secreted in the:
A. pancreas B. stomach C. ileum D. duodenum |
duodenum
|
|
|
Which layer is not found in plicae circulares?
A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis externa D. all are found there |
muscularis externa
|
|
|
Bruner’s glands are found in the duodenum.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Thin watery secretions are produced by ___ acini.
A. mucous B. serous |
serous
|
|
|
Which of the following has an endocrine function?
A. colon B. gall bladder C. Bruner’s gland D. liver |
liver
|
|
|
Which of the following does not have an exocrine function?
A. pancreatic acinar cell B. hepatocyte C. islets of Langerhans D. parietal cell |
islets of langerhans
|
|
|
There are mucous secreting cells in both the stomach and ileum.
A. true B. false |
true
|
|
|
Which of the following has alveoli in the wall?
A. terminal bronchiole B. respiratory bronchiole C. both D. neither |
respiratory bronchiole
|
|
|
Cilia of the trachea beat ___ the lung.
A. toward B. away from |
away from
|
|
|
Which of the following are found in the alveolar septum?
A. type I cell B. capillary C. fibroblast D. all are found there |
all are found here
|
|
|
Which of the following is not a component of the blood-air barrier?
A. endothelial cell B. type I cell C. type II cell D. all are components |
type II
|
|
|
Stratified squamous epithelium can be found in the:
A. trachea B. larynx C. both D. neither |
larynx
|
|
|
Which of the following secretes a lipid-based secretion?
A. eccrine sweat gland B. sebaceous gland C. both D. neither |
sebaceous gland
|
|
|
LH is made where?
|
Adenohypophysis. LH in females promotes maturation of follicle and ovulation and maintains corpus luteum. In MALES: promotes secretion of testosterone in Leydig cells
|
|
|
FSH in females, stimulates ovarian follicles T/F
|
True. AND, in males, stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete ABP
|
|
|
Oxytocin is made where?
|
neurohypophysis. The paraventricular nucleus stimulates smooth muscle of uterus and myoepithelial cells of mammary gland
|
|
|
vasopressin is made where and secretes what?
|
neurohypophysis, in the supraoptic nucleus. Acts on distal tubules and collecting tubules of kidney making them more permeable to water. Generates more hypertonic urine
|
|
|
How does the blood supply to the pituituary gland work??
|
1. inferior hypophyseal arteries to neurohypophysis.
2. hyppothalamo-hypophyseal portal system ... a. delivers hypothalamic regulating hormones to adenohypophysis b. superior hypophyseal arteries to primary capillary plexus around stalk and median eminence of hypothalamus c. secondary capillary plexus in adenohypophysis |
|
|
the thyroid gland has 3 lobes. T/F
|
False. The thyroid has 2 lobes
|
|
|
Colloid is made of
a. T3 b. T4 c. thyroglobulin d. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
what cells are in the parathyroid gland
a. chief cells b. oxyphil cells c. both d. neither |
both
|
|
|
T/F the chief cells of the parathyroid are regulated by blood glucose levels.
|
false. Regulated by blood CALCIUM levels. (just like calcitonin)
|
|
|
the adrenal cortex is derived from
a. mesoderm b. endoderm c. ectoderm |
mesoderm
|
|
|
The chomaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete
a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. both d. neither |
both
|
|
|
The medullary arteries are
a. cortical sinusoidal capillaries b. drain into medullary capillaries c. both d. neither |
neither. The Cortical arteries do those things.
|
|
|
The medullary arteries
a. travel through cortex to medulla b. arterial blood delivered to medullary sinusoidal capillaries c. both d. neither |
both
|
|
|
T/F the adrenal medulla has a dual blood supply
|
true
|
|
|
The dual blood supply of the medulla has a portal system that allows glucocorticoids from cortex to convert NE to EP in medulla. T/F
|
true
|
|
|
Endocrine signals
a. may be distant from each other. b. are relatively local |
may be distant. These travel through the blood from site of synthesis to target cell
|
|
|
The paracrine signals may activate an inflammatory response.
T/F |
true
|
|
|
receptor requirements for hormone-target interactions are:
a. specific and similar to enzyme-subrstrate interaction b. may change receptor when ligand binds c. both d. neither |
both
|
|
|
Most hormones act by signal transduction. what is signal transduction?
|
Ligand-receptor complex that activates substance(s) inside the cell that produces effect. A secondary messenger
|
|
|
What are the 2 main membrane receptor types??
|
G-protein linked and Tyrosine kinase receptors
|
|
|
T/F G-protein linked receptors are activated via growth factors
|
False. Tyrosine kinase receptors are activated by growth factors
|
|
|
hormone response takes longer because 2nd messenger continues to have effect after signal is completed. Flip to see process.
|
1. ligand binding and receptor aggregation
2. autophosphorylation of tyrosines 3. binding of cytosolic protes with SH 2 domain 4. activated PLC-4 stimulate IP3-DAG pathway. 5. activated GRB2-SOS stimulates Ras pathway 6. Ras is inactivated by a Gap. |
|
|
T/F calcium bind to calmodulin to activate cellular processes
|
true. Then calcium-calmodulin complex binds to kinase or phosphatase
|
|
|
Glycogen breakdown is an example of signal transduction in the stomach. T/F
|
False. Occurs in the Liver.
|
|
|
The function of the urinary system is to
a. filter metabolic wastes from blood b. maintain acid/base balance c.maintain fluid and electrolyte balance d. hormone production e. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
all the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves of kidney enter and exit at the
a. hilus b. cortex c. medulla d. glomerulus |
hilus
|
|
|
the blood supply of the kidney has a portal system.
T/F |
true. with afferent and efferent arterioles. The glomerulus acts as a capillary bed.
|
|
|
Podocytes contain
a. pedicels b. filtration slits c.both d. neither |
both
|
|
|
mesangiel cells are the phagocytes of the renal corpuscle and support the capillary wall and basement membrane. T/F
|
true
|
|
|
the filtration barrier of the renal corpuscle contains:
a. endothelium of glomerular capillary b. fused basal lamina c. pedicels d. all |
all
|
|
|
the function of the distal tubule is to resorb. T/F
|
false. The PROXIMAL tubule resorbs. About 85% of NaCL, water, glucose, Amino acids and small proteins. Also Secretes creatinine.
|
|
|
the distal tubule has
a. no brush border b. macula densa c. hydrogen and ammonium ions that maintain acid/base balance d. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
the distal tubule responds to what?
|
aldosterone.. by resorbing sodium and secreting potassium
|
|
|
the collecting tubules and ducts respond to ???
|
vasopressin (ADH) by increasing permeability to water allowing it to return to blood
|
|
|
the afferent arteriole - juxtaglomerular cells secrete ???
|
renin
|
|
|
the macula densa monitors ion concentration and communicates with juxtaglomerular cells. T/F
|
True
|
|
|
the juxtoglomerular cells release??
|
renin
|
|
|
renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. T/F
|
True
|
|
|
Angiotesin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lung. T/F
|
true. by a converting enzyme
|
|
|
angiotensin II functions to???
|
increase blood presssure through renin secretion
|
|
|
when you drink alcohol, this inhibits ADH causing you to
a. need to pee b. need to eat c. increase diuresis d. two of the above |
two of the above.
|
|
|
There is no submucosa in the extrarenal passages. t/f
|
True
|
|
|
The bladder has three layers of smooth muscle, and dome cells. T/F
|
true
|
|
|
The male urethra has Stratified squamous non keratinized with areas of PCCE. T/F
|
False. THe female urethra has stratified NK with areas of PCCE. The Male has PCCE with areas of statified NK. I know it's picky.
|
|
|
The male reproductive system functions to produce male hormones and gametes. And transport viable gametes to the female tract. T/F
|
true
|
|
|
T/F spermatogonia divide mitotically
|
true. they produce spermatocytes
|
|
|
spermatids divide by meioisis to produce spermatocytes. T/F
|
False. Spermatocytes divide by meiosis to produce spermatids
|
|
|
spermatids undergo spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoa released into lumen of tubules. T/F
|
true
|
|
|
sertoli cells join together to form blood-air barrier. T/F
|
false. form blood-testis barrier
|
|
|
Sertoli cells secrete
a. ABP b. inhibin c. MIS d. all of the above |
all of the above.
ABP - increases local concentration of testosterone Inhibin - turns off FSH release MIS - secreted during embryogenesis |
|
|
leydig are stimulated by ___ to secrete testosterone
a. FSH b. LH |
LH
|
|
|
The prostate gland is rich in prostatic concretions including secretions that include
a. lipids b. proteolytic enzymes c. acid phosphatase d. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
The bulourethral or Cowper's glands secrete mucous T/F
|
true
|
|
|
Female primordial follicles are produced throughout life. T/F
|
false. all follicles are present from birth.
|
|
|
primordial follicles are activated by FSH. T/F
|
false. primary follicles are activated by FSH
|
|
|
the theca folliculi is a modified stroma surrounding follicle. T/F
|
True.
contains two layers: 1. theca interna - inner, vascular 2. theca externa - outer, fibrous |
|
|
antral follicles do not include the cumulous oophorous.T/F
|
false. cumulous oophorous is included in the antral follicle.
|
|
|
the most mature follicle is a
a. antral follicle b. graafian c. atretic |
graafian
|
|
|
the temporary endocrine gland of the female is the
a. corpus luteum b. atretic follicle |
corpus luteum. secretes progesterone
|
|
|
The corpus luteum is maintained by
a. progesterone b. relaxin c. HCG d. all |
all. HCG from placenta. progesterone made. relaxin decreases contraction of myometrium to maintain implantation
|
|
|
what receives the oocyte?
a. fallopian tubes b. uterus d. corpus luteum |
fallopian tubes. receives and maintains environment for fertilization and initial development. transports conceptus to uterus.
|
|
|
The ciliated cells of the fallopian tubes beat _____ the uterus
a. toward b. away |
toward
|
|
|
secretory (nonciliated) cells of the uterus make a fluid that protects the ovum and promotes capacitation of sperm. T/F
|
true. These are simple columnar epithelium
|
|
|
the thickest layer of the uterus is the
a. endometrium b. myometrium c. perimetrium |
myometrium - muscularis layer
|
|
|
the phase of the uterine cycle where sloughing of stratum functionalis occurs is
a. menstrual b. proliferative c. secretory |
menstrual
|
|
|
the phase of the uterine cycle that regenerates glands and epithelium is
a. menstrual b. proliferative c. secretory |
proliferative
|
