Cells And Tissues / Chapter # 3

Front 1

Name the 3 main regions of a typical cell

Back 1

1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

3. Plasma membrane

Front 2

What are the significant features and functions of the cell nucleus?

Back 2

It is the control center, directs cells activity and is neccessary for reproduction, it contains (DNA) which carries instructions for synthesis of proteins.

Front 3

What are the functions of the cell (plasma) membrane?

Back 3

It encloses the cytoplasm, composed of a lipid bilayer containing proteins, Microvilli form cell junctions (gap junctions)

This allows some but not all substances to pass through, substances can move through it more freely because of it's large pores.

Front 4

How many cytoplasmic organelles are there and name them?

Back 4

10 cytoplasmic organelles

1. Ribosomes

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum

3. Golgi Apparatus

4. Lysosomes

5. Peroxisomes

6. Mitochondria

7. Cytoskeleton

8. Centrioles

9. Cilia

10. Flagella

Front 5

Ribosomes

Back 5

Protein factories

located on the outside of ER (rough ER), functions in the cytoplasm.

Consists of proteins, are the actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

Front 6

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 6

(ER) is a network within the cytoplasm, it is the system of tubules & canals that coil and twist through out the cytoplasm 1/2 of the cells membrane.

(Rough ER) studded with ribosomes, cell membrane factory.

(Smooth ER) communicates with rough variety, protein synthesis, detoxification, produces steriods and base hormones " testosterone".

Front 7

Golgi Apparatus

Back 7

Is found close to the nucleus and is the principal traffic director for cellular proteins.

Modifies and packages proteins.

Front 8

Lysosomes

Back 8

"Break down bodies" - functions as the cell's demolition sites / garbage men. They are abundant in phagocytes (the cells that dispose of bacteria and cell debris).

Front 9

Peroxisomes

Back 9

Membranous sacs that contain powerful oxides enzymes that use oxygen to detoxify harmful substances, alcohol, formaldehyde.

Number #1 function is to disarm dangerous free radicals.

Front 10

Free Radicals

Back 10

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structures of proteins and nucleic acids.

Front 11

Mitochondria

Back 11

The rod like cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation.

Front 12

Cytoskeleton

Back 12

A network of protein structures extending throughout the cytoplasm.

Acts as the cells bones and muscles.

Internal framework the determines shape and supports other organelles.

Made up of microtubes, filaments and micro - filaments.

Front 13

Centrioles

Back 13

Rod shaped bodies made up of micro tubes, generates micro tubes during cell division, they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Front 14

Cilia

Back 14

Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the cell surface.

Example: Ciliated cell of the respritory system lining move mucus up and away from the lungs.

Front 15

Flagella

Back 15

If projections formed by the centrioles are substantially longer, they are called flagella.

Example: Sperm or it's tail.

Flagellum propels the cell itself.

Front 16

Define: Solution

Back 16

Is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components.

Example: air we breathe (mixture of gases) seawater (mix of water and salt)

Front 17

Define: Solvent

Back 17

The largest amount of substance present in a solution.

Example: water in the body, the chief solvent.

Front 18

Define: Solute

Back 18

Are components or substances that are present in smaller amounts.

Front 19

Define: Intercellular fluid

Back 19

(Nucleoplasm and cytosol) A solution containing small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) nutrients, salts dissolved in water.

Front 20

Define: Interstitial fluid

Back 20

The fluid that continuously bathes the exterior of our cells. Regulates hormones and neurotrasmitters, salts and waste.

Front 21

Define: Selective permeability

Back 21

Means that a barrier allows some substances to pass through it while excluding others.

* Allows neutrients to enter the cell but keeps undesirable substances out. Cell proteins & other substances are kept within cell with wastes allowed to pass out of the cell.

Front 22

What is Passive transport?

Back 22

?

Front 23

What is Active transport?

Back 23

?

Front 24

Define: Diffusion

Back 24

It is the process by which molecules (ions) move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a less concentrated region.

High to low

Front 25

Define: Osmosis

Back 25

A special kind of diffusion of water through a semi- permeable membrane from lower to higher solute concentration until equilibrium is reached.

Low to high

(Solute concentration) Smaller amount in a solution.

Front 26

Osmotic pressure

Back 26

?

Front 27

Filtration

Back 27

The process by which water and solutes (smaller amount) are forced through a membrane by fluid or hyrostatic pressure.

Front 28

Phagocytosis

Back 28

"Cell Eating" WBC & other phagocytes of the body act as scavenger cells that police and protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other foreign debris.

Protective mechanism.

Front 29

Pinocytosis

Back 29

" Cell drinking" Gulps extracellular fluid.

Is a routine activity of most cells.

Is especially important in cells that function in absorption.

Example: Cells forming the lining of the small intestines.

Front 30

Describe how osmotic pressure works inside the body in the case of giving IV fluids that are

Isotonic

Back 30

Use when sever hemmorhage occurs, to increase blood volume.

If someone has edema, the solution would cause the kidneys to filter and flush it out by urination.

Front 31

Describe how osmotic pressure works inside the body in the case of giving IV fluids that are

Hypertonic

Back 31

This solution contains more solutes and less water then cells do.

The cells lose water by osmosis and crenate.

Front 32

Describe how osmostic pressure works inside the body in the case of giving IV fluids that are

Hypotonic

Back 32

When a person is dehydrated, the solution contains fewer solutes and more water then the cell.

Into tissues - In these solutions cells swell and may rupture (lyse) as water rushes in by osmosis.

Front 33

What are the two main phases in cell division?

Back 33

1. Interphase

2. Cell division

Front 34

Interphase

Back 34

It is the period in which the cell grows and carries on its usual metabolic actives.

The cell is vey active in this phase, resting only during division.

Front 35

How do IV fluids utilize osmotic pressure?

Back 35

Isotonic IV fluid - Use when someone is hemorrhaging, Increased blood volume,

Hypertonic IV fluid- Cells shrink, more solute and less water. Treat with when someone has edema, takes fluid out of the cell.

Hypotonic IV fluid - Cell swell and may rupture/ Called ( lyse). Treat when dehydration is present, the solution will go into the tissue making cells swell.

Front 36

Mitosis

Back 36

Somatic cell division, results in the formation of two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus.

* Produces 2 identical cells to the 1 parent cell.

Front 37

Meiosis

Back 37

?

Front 38

Summarize the process of protein synthisis including the role of DNA and RNA.

Back 38

?

Front 39

What are the 4 phases of cell division (mitosis)?

Back 39

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telephase

Front 40

Prophase

Back 40

?

Front 41

Metaphase

Back 41

?

Front 42

Anaphase

Back 42

?

Front 43

Telephase

Back 43

?

Front 44

What are the 4 major tissue types?

Back 44

1. Epithelium

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Front 45

Epithelium ( Epithelial) tissue

Back 45

A. Simple epithelial tissue - one layer thick, blood vessels, air sacs, gastro tract, ducts.

B. Stratified epithelial tissue - Multi layer, resistant to damage, skin, UT, oral, vagina, anus

C. Glandular epithelial tissue - Contractable cells, produce & secrete various substances, Mammary, sweat,thyroid, adrenals.

Epithelial tissue in general

covers and lines, avascular, protects, one free surface, secretes, excretes, absorbs

Senses

Front 46

Connective tissue - joins the other tissues of the body, support and protection, frameworks, fill spaces and to store fats.

Back 46

A. Bone - Hardness due to calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

B. Cartilage - hyline

C. Dense

D. Loose- Membranous, binds skin to organs

E. Blood

Front 47

Muscle tissue

Back 47

Is specialized to contract or shorten, which causes movement

A. Skeletal - Attached to the skeleton

B. Cardiac - Forms the heart

C. Smooth - In the walls of hollow organs, Uterus

Front 48

Nervous tissue

Back 48

Is composed of irritable cells called neurons, which are highly specialized to receive and transmit nerve impulses. Supports cells called neruoglia, neurons are important in control of body processes.

Example: Brain, spinal cord and nerves.

(Glial cells) nourish and support.

Front 49

Cytosol

Back 49

A complex mixture of substances dissolved in water.

Organelles are suspended in the cytosol.

Front 50

What are the two major ways tissue repairs itself?

Back 50

Regeneration and fibrosis

Front 51

Regeneration

Back 51

is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells.

Front 52

Fibrosis

Back 52

Involves repair by dense connective tissue, by formation of scar tissue.

Depends on

1.) The type of tissue damage

2.) Severity of the injury

Front 53

Summarize the process of tissue repair.

Back 53

" Wound healing" may involve regeneration, fibrosis or both.

Epithelia, connective tissues regenerte well

Mature cardiac muscle and nervous tissue are repaired by fibrosis.

Front 54

What is granulation tissue?

Back 54

Pink tissue compose largely of new capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby.

Capillaries are fragile and bleed freely, contains phagocytes.

highly vascular

Example: Scab is pulled away from the healing area of the skin.

Front 55

What are the qualities of scar tissue ?

Back 55

1. harder, tougher, irregular and elevated appearance.

2. absence of hair follicles

3. Lesser sweat glands

4. Limited functions, limited range of motion.

Front 56

Inflammatory Phase

Back 56

-Begins at the time of injury and lasts 2-4 days.

Looks red.

-Platelet plugs are formed to stop the bleeding

-Platelets release platelet derived growth factor, PDFG and transforming growth factor beta from their alph granules to attract neutrophils and macrophages.

-Neutrophils scavenge for bacteria and debris

- Macrophages continue to emit growth factors to attract fibrolasts and usher in the next phase.

Front 57

Proliferative Phase

Back 57

- Starts at day 3, overlaps the inflammatory phase

- Fibroblast in the most important cell, peaks at day 7, initiating angiougenesis, epithelialization and collagen formation.

- Epithelialization is from the basement membrane if the BM remains intact, If not intact the epithelialization is from the wound edges.

-Granulation tissue, healing by secondary intention, when wounded surfaces do not come together completely.

Front 58

Remodeling Phase

Back 58

- Increase in collagen production and breakdown continue for 6 months to 1 year after injury.

- fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts, causing tissue contractions

- vascularity decreases.

Front 59

Scar tissue

Back 59

More dense collagen, lacks blood vessels, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors.

Front 60

Types of wound closures

Back 60

Primary closure - sutures used or demo bond glue to repair wounds.

Secondary closure- appropriate for infected or contaminated wounds in areas of poor blood supply. wound fills with granulation tissue, contracts and reepithelializes, leads to a worse scar from a prolonged inflammatory phase.