Cells And Tissues

Front 1

Name the three main regions in a generalized cell

Back 1

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Front 2

what is the function of the cell's nucleus?

Back 2

the nucleus contains the genetic material for the cell.

Front 3

nuclear membrane

Back 3

the double barrier between the nucleus and the rest of thte cell

Front 4

where are the ribosomes assembled within the cell?

Back 4

nucleoli

Front 5

what is chromatin composed of?

Back 5

DNA and protein

Front 6

a transparent barrier that separates the cell contents from the environment

Back 6

plasma membrane

Front 7

what part of the cell consists of a double layer of lipids in which protein molecules float?

Back 7

the plasma membrane

Front 8

the tiny finger-like projections that are a specialization in some plasma membranes

Back 8

microvilli

Front 9

name the three types of membrane junctions

Back 9

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

Front 10

_________ are impermeable junctions that bind cells together into leakproof sheets.

Back 10

tight junctions

Front 11

____ are anchoring junctions that prevent cells subject to mechanical stress from being pulled apart.

Back 11

desmosomes

Front 12

______ allow communication between cells.

Back 12

gap junctions

Front 13

The cytoplasm is the cellular material outside the ____ and inside the _____.

Back 13

nucleus, plasma membrane

Front 14

what are the three major elements of the cytoplasm?

Back 14

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

Front 15

Where are the mitochondria located, and what is their function?

Back 15

In the cytosol; enzymes in the mitochondria carry out the reactions in which oxygen is used to break down food.

Front 16

Sites of protein synthesis within the cell

Back 16

ribosomes

Front 17

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 17

a system of fluid-filled cisterns that serve as a minicirculatory system for the cell.

Front 18

describe the forms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 18

rough ER is studded with ribosomes; all the building materials of cellular membranes are formed either in it or on it

smooth ER functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

Front 19

what is the major function of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 19

to modify and package proteins

Front 20

which of the cell organelles digests worn-out cell structure and foreign bodies within the cell?

Back 20

lysosomes

Front 21

membranous sacs containing powerful enzymes that detoxify alcohol and disarm free radicals

Back 21

peroxisomes

Front 22

what are free radicals?

Back 22

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids

Front 23

How do he peroxisomes disarm free radicals?

Back 23

they convert free radicals to H2O2, then the enzyme catalase converts excess H2O2 to water

Front 24

The ____ forms the internal framework for the cell and provides the machinery needed for intracellular transport.

Back 24

cytoskeleton

Front 25

During cell division, the ______ direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Back 25

centrioles

Front 26

cell that carries oxygen to the bloodstream

Back 26

erythrocyte (red blood cell)

Front 27

fibroblast

Back 27

cell that connects body parts

Front 28

epithelial cell

Back 28

covers and lines body organs

Front 29

cells that move body parts

Back 29

skeletal and smooth muscle cells

Front 30

fat cells

Back 30

store nutrients

Front 31

disease-fighting cell

Back 31

macrophage cell

Front 32

nerve cell

Back 32

gathers information and controls body functions

Front 33

female egg cell

Back 33

oocyte

Front 34

male reproductive cell

Back 34

sperm

Front 35

homogeneous mixture of two or more components

Back 35

solution

Front 36

the substance present in the largest amount in a solution

Back 36

solvent

Front 37

substances present in smaller amounts in a solution

Back 37

solutes

Front 38

what is selective permeability?

Back 38

allowing some substances to pass through while excluding others

Front 39

Diffusion and filtration are ____ _____ processes.

Back 39

passive transport

Front 40

simple diffusion

Back 40

the unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane

Front 41

diffusion of water through the membrane

Back 41

osmosis

Front 42

facilitated diffusion

Back 42

molecules too large or fat-insoluble use a protein "carrier" to assist them through the membrane

Front 43

the process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

Back 43

filtration

Front 44

How is solute pumping similar to facilitated diffusion? How is it different?

Back 44

both require protein carriers; facilitated diffusion is driven by kinetic energy of the diffusion molecules, while solute pumping uses ATP to energize its protein carriers

Front 45

What are the two types of bulk transport?

Back 45

exocytosis and endocytosis

Front 46

____ moves substances out of the cell, while ______ moves substances into the cell.

Back 46

exocytosis, enocytosis

Front 47

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Back 47

tissues

Front 48

the lining, covering and glandular tissue

Back 48

epithelium

Front 49

What are the functions of the epithelium?

Back 49

protection, filtration, absorption, and secretion

Front 50

apical surface

Back 50

the unattached edge of an epithelial membrane, exposed to either the body's exterior or to the internal cavity of an organ

Front 51

avascular

Back 51

having no blood supply of its own

Front 52

The lower surface of the epithelium is bound by a ________ ________.

Back 52

basement membrane

Front 53

The classifications by cell layers are ______ epithelium and ______ epithelium.

Back 53

simple, stratified

Front 54

The shape of tissue cells are either ______, ________, or _________.

Back 54

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 55

this type of epithelium usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs

Back 55

simple squamous

Front 56

this tissue forms the walls of the kidney tubules and the surface of the ovaries

Back 56

simple cuboidal

Front 57

this tissue makes up the mucous membranes

Back 57

simple columnar

Front 58

this tissue has cells of different heights, giving it a stratified appearance

Back 58

pseudostratified columnar

Front 59

all the transitional epithelium is localed in the _____ system.

Back 59

urinary

Front 60

The most common stratified epithelium in the body

Back 60

stratified squamous

Front 61

Both stratified ______ and stratified _____ epithelia are rare in the body.

Back 61

cuboidal, columnar

Front 62

what are the two glandular epithelium?

Back 62

endocrine glands and exocrine glands

Front 63

examples include thyroid, adrenals and pituitary

Back 63

endocrine glands

Front 64

sweat and oil glands are ______ glands.

Back 64

exocrine

Front 65

the most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body

Back 65

connective tissue

Front 66

name three characteristics of connective tissue

Back 66

binds body tissues together, supports the body, provides protection

Front 67

Because tendons are ______ they tend to heal _______.

Back 67

avascular, slowly

Front 68

Because of its ______ _______, connective tissue can withstand stretching and bear weight.

Back 68

extracellular matrix

Front 69

Connective tissues are primarily involved in _______, ______, and _______ ________ other body tissues.

Back 69

supporting, protecting, binding together

Front 70

Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Back 70

extracellular matrix

Front 71

name the five classes of connective tissue

Back 71

bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, blood

Front 72

the cartilage that forms the supporting structures of the larynx, and covers the ends of the bones where they form joints

Back 72

hyaline cartilage

Front 73

the disks between he vertebrae of the spinal column

Back 73

fibrocartilage

Front 74

Tendons and ligaments are forms of _______ ________ tissue.

Back 74

dense connective

Front 75

three types of loose connective tissue

Back 75

areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues

Front 76

Edema is a condition of the ____ _____, where the area becomes swollen.

Back 76

areolar tissue

Front 77

commonly called fat

Back 77

adipose tissue

Front 78

Adipose tissue forms the ______ tissue beneath the skin.

Back 78

subcutaneous

Front 79

tissue that forms the stroma

Back 79

reticular connective tissue

Front 80

vascular tissue

Back 80

blood

Front 81

Vascular tissue consists of ______ _____, surrounded by ______ ________.

Back 81

blood cells, blood plasma

Front 82

the three types of muscle tissue

Back 82

smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle

Front 83

The muscular system is composed of ______ ______.

Back 83

skeletal muscle