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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Concepts of Cell Theory
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- Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
- The organisms activity depends on the cells collective activity - The cells structures play a role in what they do - The continuity of life has a cellular basis *Cells are composed of mostly C, H, O and N. *Are about 60% water |
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Cell 3 main regions |
1. Nucelus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Plasma Membrane |
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Nucleus |
Includes: Control center of the cell, DNA. *DNA is needed to build proteins and is necessary for cell reproduction |
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Nucleus's 3 Regions |
1. Nucleus envelope (membrane) 2. Nucleolus 3. Chromatin |
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Nuclear Envelope |
Double membrane that contains the nucleus and sites of ribosome assembly. These ribosomes migrate in the cytoplasm through nuclear pores to serve as the site of protein synthesis |
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Chromatin |
- Composed of DNA and protein. - Is present when the cell is not dividing. - Scattered throughout the nucleus - Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides |
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Plasma Membrane |
Transparent barrier for the cells contents that separates the cells insides from the outside. 2 layers of phopholipids: Phospholipid Bilayer*Phospholipids make up most of membrane* *Cholesterol helps stabilize the membrane* |
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Hydropholic (Phospholipid Characteristic) |
(“water-loving”) polar “heads” are orientated on the inner and outer surfaes of the membrane |
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Hydrophobic (Phospholipid Characteristic) |
(“water-hating”) nonpolar “tails” form the center (interior) of the membrane. This makes the plasma membrane impermeable to water-soluble molecules |
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Protein Roles within a Plasma Membrane (Responsible for specialized functions) |
- Enzymes - Receptors - Transport as channels or carriers |
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Glycoprotein (Sugar role within the plasma membrane) |
Branched sugars attached to proteins that take up the extracellular space |
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Glycocalyx (Sugar role within the plasma membrane) |
The fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface. |
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3 Membrane Junctions |
1. Tight Junction 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap Junction |
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Tight Junctions |
Bind cells together and don’t allow anything to pass from cell to cell (impermeable). |
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Desmosomes |
Designed to hold cells together. “button-like” |
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Gap Junctions |
Hollow cylinders of proteins that allow molecules to travel directly from cell to cell. |
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Cytoplasms 3 Major Elements |
1. Cytosol 2. Organelles 3. Inclusions |
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Cytosol |
Fluid that suspends other elements
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Organelles |
- Metabolic machinery in the cell (little organs) that perform functions for the cell
- Specialized cellular compartments that have their own membranes |
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Inclusions |
Chemical substances, such as stored nutrients or cell products |
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Mitochondria |
- Powerhouse of the cell - Changes shape continuously - Mitochondrial wall consists of double membrane with cristae on the inner membrane - Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food - Supply ATP for cellular energy. |
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Ribosomes |
Bilobed dark bodies, made of protein and ribosomal RNA, site of protein synthesis. Found free in the cytoplasm and in the Rough ER. |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Fluid-filled cisterns (tubules or canals) for carrying substances within the cell 2 types: Rough and Smooth |
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Rough ER |
- Studded with ribosomes - Synthesizes proteins - Transport vesicles move proteins within the cell - Abundant in cells that make and export proteins |
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Smooth ER |
Functions in lipid metabolism and involved in detoxification of drugs and pesticides |
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Golgi Apparatus |
- Appears as a stack of flattened membranes associated with tiny vesicles - Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER from transport vesicles - Produces different types of packages. *ie: Gift Wrapping |
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Types of Golgi Apparatus Packages |
1. Secretory Vesicles (pathway 1) 2. In house proteins and lipids (pathway 2) 3. Lysosomes (pathway 3) |
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Lysosomes |
- Takes care of things that shouldn’t be there. - Membranous “bags” packaged by the Golgi apparatus. - They contain enzymes produced by ribosomes and these enzymes can digest worn-out or nonusable cell structures. - They house phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris. ie: Vacuum Cleaner |
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Peroxisomes |
-vMembranous sacs of oxidase enzymes. - They detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals) - The free radicals are converted to hydrogen peroxide and then to water. - These replicate by pinching in half or budding from the ER. |
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Cytoskeleton (and its 3 types of elements) |
- Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm - Provides the cell with its internal framework and has 3 different types of elements: 1. Microfilaments (largest) 2.Intermediate Filaments. 3. Microtubules (smallest) |
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Centrioles |
-Rod-Shaped bodies made of microtubules and they also generate microtubules. - Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division |
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The 3 Types Cell Extensions |
1. Cilia 2. Flagella 3. Microvilli |
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Cilia |
- Move materials across the cell surface. - This is located in the respiratory system to move mucus |
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Flagella |
- These propel the cell. - The only flagellated cell in the human body is sperm |
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Microvilli |
- Tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane. - It increases the surface area for absorption. |
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2 Types of Cells That Connect Body Parts |
1. Fibroblast 2. Erythrocyte (red blood cell) |
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Fibroblast |
Secretes cable-like fibers
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Erythrocyte (red blood cell) |
Carries oxygen in the bloodstream |
