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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What kind of Reaction is Hydrogen Bonding
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It is a weak interation between moleculer compounds with nonpolar covalent bonds tend to be hydrophobic polar compounds hydrophilic
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Stength of Bonds from covalent to van der waals
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Covalent>ionic>hydrogen>hrdrophobic>vanderwaals
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Heat of Vaporation for H20
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High Heat of Vaporization, has cooling effect
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Chemical solution is a homogeneous mixture
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Chemical soultion is a homogeny mixture
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Material disolved id
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Solute
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If solvent is h20 it is called
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Aqueous solution
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Water can dissolve
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Ionic bonds and polar covalent
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Carbon bonds with ...
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CHONPS
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Variations in Carbon Compounds
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Length of chain, Shape, number and location of bonds, stucture
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Geometric Isomer
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Has same covalent partnersips but different spatial arrangements
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Structural isomer
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Has different covalent parnerships
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Enantiomers
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Mirror images of each other
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Hydroxyl Group
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OH Alcohols sugars polar covalent
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Carbonyl Group
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Ketones Aldehydes, sugars, polar
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Carboxyl
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Weekly acidic fatty acids lactic acids, polar
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Amino
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Slightly basic amines, amino acids,
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Sulfhydral group
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Thiol and amino acid cystene, stabilizes protein stucture
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Phosphate group
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nucleic acid, ATP weekly acidic polar
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Methyl group
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lipids, fats, fatty acid, non poloar INSOLUBE
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Heirarchy
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Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism
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Heirarchy
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Molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, hrydrogen, water, cell nucleus, heart muscle cell, heart muscle tissue, heart
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Structure and function
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aerodynamic bird wing
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3 Kingdoms
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Bacteria Archeaa Eukarya
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Eukarya
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Protista, fungi, plantea, anamalia
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
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Compound
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2 or more elements in fixed ratios
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of element
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Neutron and proton mass
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1 dalton
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electron mass
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1/1000 dalton
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Radioactive isotope
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nucleus decays sontaneously giving off particles of energy
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chemical behavior determed by
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electron outer shell
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Covalent bond
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shairing electons valence
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Molecule
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2 or more atoms held together by atomic bonds
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Valence
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bondind capacity be careful
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non polar covalent
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electrons shared equally
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polar covalent
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electrons not shared equally
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cation
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positive
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anion
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negative
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Ionic bonds
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ionic compounds salts
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Hydrogen bond electronegativity, how does the bond work
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covalently bonded to one elctronegative atom and also attracted to another electronegative atom
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chemical reactions are
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making or breaking of chemical bonds
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02 vs h electronegativity
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o2 more elctronegative so electrons spend more time next to oxygen
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h20 is a _____ molecule
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Polar
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Polar molecule
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opposite ends have opposite charges
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Cohesion
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hydrogen bonds hold h20 together
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Surface tension
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how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid
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heat
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total kinetic quanitity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion
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temperature
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intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy
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Calorie
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amount raise 1 g water i degree C
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specific heat
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Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g substance to chance i degree C
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heat of vaporization
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quanitity of heat needed to change 1g liquid to gas
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evaporative cooling
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evaporation causes surface to cool because hottest molecules escape
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solution is a liquid that is
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completely homogeneous mixture two or more substances
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solvent
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dissolving agent of solution
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aqueous solution
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water is the solvent
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sulut
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substance dissolved
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Acid is a substance that
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increases hydrogen ion concentration
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Base is a substance that
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reduces hydrogen ion concentration
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buffers are
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substances that minimize chance in concentration of oh and h
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acid precipitation
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rain snow fog more acidic that 5.6
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Cell is ______%_____ the rest is _____
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70-95% water and the rest is carbon
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organic chemistry
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branch that deals with carbon compounds
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isomer
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same moleculer formula but different structure
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hydroxyl group
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hydrogen bonded to oxygen alcohols
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Macromolecule
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molecular covalent bonding weighing over 100000 daltons
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polymer
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long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
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monomer
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repeating units that make up polymer
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condensation reaction
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connected monomers two molecules are covalently bonded to each other throng loss of water molecule
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dehydration rations
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molecule lost is water
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Hdrolysis
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polymers disassembles to monomers, reverse of dehydration reaction
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carbohydrates
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sugars are polumers
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carbohydrates
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sugars AND polymers
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monosaccharids
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generally have some type of CH20 simple sugars glucose
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Disaccharise
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2 monosaccharids joined by a glycosidic linkage
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glycosidid linkage
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covalent bond formes beteen two monosacharides by a dehydration reaction
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Polysaccarides
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macromolecules-polymers with a fe hundred or thousand monosaccarides joined by glycosidic linkages
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startch
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storage poly saccaride of plants, is a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers
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glycogen
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polymer of glucose that animals store
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cellulose
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major component tough walls
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chitin
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carbohydrate used by exoskeletons
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lipids
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share trait little or no affinity with water
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Fat
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constructed of two smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids
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triacylglycerol
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3 fatty acid tails instead of two
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saturated fatty acids
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saturated with hydrogen bonds no double bonds
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unsaturated fatty acid
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on or more double bonds
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phospholipids
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only two fatty acid tails rather than t
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steroids
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lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
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proteins functions
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structureal support storage, transport other substances, signalling from one part of organism to other, movement and defense again foreign objects
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polypeptides
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polymers of amino acids
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Molecules that combine to form a fat
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saturated fatty acid, glycerol
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molecule that would be attached to other monomers by a peptide bond
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amino acid
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molecule or groups that would combing to for a dna nuceotide
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purine, phosphate, deoxyribose
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molecules that are carbohydrates
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gycer, aldehyde, deoxyribose
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molecule that is a burine
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adenine
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monomer of a protein
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amino acid
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groups that would be joined by phosphodiester bonds
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phosphates deoxyribose
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3 Carbohydrates
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Glycogen, cellulose, chitin
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3 lipids
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chloresterol, triaclyglycerol, steroid
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3 proteins
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collagen, hemoglobin, enzyme
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nucleic acid
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Rna Gene Dna
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Primary is
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one degree held together by covalent bonds and peptide bons encoded in DNA
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Secondary Structure is
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two degree local structure incolce come of protein by alpha helix and beta pleated sheet, held together by h bonding between atoms in polypeptide backbone
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tertiary structure
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3 degree overall 3d structure of a single polypeptide molecular interations between side groups R
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Quaternary
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4 degree 3d structure of all subunits in funtcional protein
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Cells Reproduce....
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harvest energy, resond to environment, evolve, develop, all organisms are made up of cells, come from other cells biogenesis
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Viruses are
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not cells, contain nuceleic acid surrounded by protein coat, RNA or DNA not both, need host cell, infect and reproduce
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Prokaryote details
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bacteria, archea, no true nucleus, smaller than eukary cells
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eukaryots
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fungi, yeast, protozoa, algea, plants and animals, 2-5picometers have true nucleus seperate compartment in cell membrande bound oranelles
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organelle
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seperate compartment inside a eukary cell, membrand bond, surrounded by phospholipids bilayers
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cell sizes bacteria euk egg
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bacteria .2um euk 100um egg 100mm
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resolution
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ability to see two distinct points shorter the wavelength greater the resolution 1000 better with electron microscope than light, but organisms die`
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cell fractionation
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break tissue homoginization seperate component by centrifuge, bigger go down at lower speed that smaller
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Polysaccharides are
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many sugars linked together by glycosidic linkages, starch, polsaccharide, glucoseA14, cellulose B 14
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Startch Functions
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store carbs for energy, carbon skeleton breaks down starch east, cellulose plants structural carbs plants cell wall reesisten to enzymatic digestion
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nucleic acids
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polymers of nuceotides, dna, rna, dna to rna to protein information flow dogma
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nitro base dna letters
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gatc
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nitro base rna letters
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gauc
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protein functions in cell
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connective tissue, protein collagen, skin protein keratin
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protein storage of nutrients
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amino acids
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protein transport
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hemoglobin transports 02 remove c02 in blood protein at cell membrande that transport glucose other nutrients in cell
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protein cell to cell signalling
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receptors receive signals are protein hormone protein insulin
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protein cellular responces to chemical stimuli
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signalling in nervous system, receptors proteing ion channels proteins
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protein cell movement
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contractile protein, actin, cytoskeleton, myosin, muscle contractions, flagella microtubule protein
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protein antibodies, immunoglobin
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proteins of immune system that defent organism against infection, bacteria of viruses
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protein enzymes
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usually protein, catalyzy biochemical reactions
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3 ionic states for amino acid
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cation more acidic, dipolar ion/zwitter ion, anion basic
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polypeptide chain made or
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carboxyl group lined to an amine group
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4 majoy classes of macromolecules
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lipids and fats, carbohydrates, necleic acid, proteins,
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lipid and fats 3 types
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phopholipids, tiglycerols, steroids
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carbohydrates range from
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simple sugars to large molecules
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Nucleic Acid is
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DNA RNA nucleotides ATP adenosine tiphosphate
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Proteins are simply
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enzymes
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Polermization is a
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condensation reaction covalentyl linked together remove h20
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Lipids are
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phospholipis, steroids, insoluble
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carbohydrates are
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disaccharids, polysaccharise, simple sugars and monosaccharidees
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Fats are
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glycerol and three fatty acids linkes by ester linkage
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fat functions
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store energy, more compact and efficient than carbs, cusion organs, insulate body
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phopholipid is found
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in plants and animal cells, bacterial key in cell membrane, glycerol, two fatty acid ester linkage from bilayers
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sterols and steroids have
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different functional groups for different ones have 4 carbon rings found in cell membrane in phopholipid bilayer, hydrophobic soluble in fat and oil and stuff only
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carbohydrates
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sugars and polymers, major source of nutrient obtain energy by breaking down sugars and carbs, cell uses sugar as carbon source to make other molecules, photosynthesize c02 plus h20 plus light
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triose looks like
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3 carbons glyceraldehyde
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pentose looks like
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five carbons ribose
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hexose looks like
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6 carbons glucose
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a disaccharide is
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2 monosaccharides linked by a condensation reaction (dehydration) covalent bond between 2 sugars glycosidic linkage
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Isotopes have different
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netron amount
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98% of living matter
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SHONPS
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non polar covalent
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equal sharing electrons between atoms
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polar covalent
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non equal sharing because of electronegativity difference
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Ionic bondin
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not sharing electrons, ions positive attracted to negative
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why ice floats
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hydrogens held at arms length 10% less dense
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Formula for second concentration
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c1v1=c2v2
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Buffers are
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combination of weak acid or base
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Variations in carbon compounds
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length of chain, shape (straight, branched, ring) number and location of bonds, what other elements are bonded
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Nitogenous bases are
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ring structures with nitrogen and carbon, purines, pyrimidine adenine
A and guanineG |
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Cytosine C is found in
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DNA or RNA
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Thymine T is found in
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DNA only
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Uracil U is found in
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RNA only
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A 5 carbon sugar also called a
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pentose sugar, deoxy ribose and ribosem DNA is missing oh at number 2 carbon
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Phophate groups is a
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polymer of nucleotides backbone sugar po4, sugar po4
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Phophodiester bond looks like
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c-o-p-o-c
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Nucleic acid
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nucleotide polymer has an orientation where 2 ends of polymer are chemically distinct at three of polymer OH free hydroxyl group at 5 of polymer is a phophate group
looses h20 when linked to a base |
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polynucleotide
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RNA is one polynucleotide, one polymer chain, single stranded
DNA has 2 polynucleotides and double stranded with a sugar phophate backbone and two strand held together by h bonds |
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G bonds to
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C
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GC base pair has
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three bonds
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A bonds to
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T
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AT base pair has
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two hydrogen bonds
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A also bonds to
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U
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AU base pair has
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2 hydrogen bonds
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Information flow dogma
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DNA to RNA to PROTEIN
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