Cells And Membranes

Front 1

Cell membrane

Back 1

Regulates what goes in and out of the cell. Present in all types of cells.

Front 2

Cell wall

Back 2

Provides support and protection for cells. Made of carbohydrates and Proteins. Present in Plants and prokaryotes only!

Front 3

Nucleus

Back 3

Controls cell processes and contains DNA. Only present in eukaryotes (plants and animals).

Front 4

Ribosomes

Back 4

Assembles cell proteins using instructions from mRNA.
Proteins assembled here. Made of proteins and RNA. Present in all types of cells.

Front 5

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 5

Produces proteins (Rough ER) and enzymes (Smooth ER), as well as other essential components.Only present in eukaryotes (plants and animals).

Front 6

Golgi apparatus

Back 6

Attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins; sending them into the cell. Only Present in Eukaryotes (plants and animals)

Front 7

Lysosomes

Back 7

Removes debris, waste, and clutter from the cellFilled with enzymes to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Only Present in Eukaryotes (plants and animals)

Front 8

Vacuoles

Back 8

Act as large storage pouches inside the cell. Only Present in Eukaryotes (plants and animals)

Front 9

Mitochondria

Back 9

Uses energy from food to make ATP (ATP is a high energy molecule).Has its own set of DNA.Only Present in Eukaryotes (plants and animals)

Front 10

Chloroplasts

Back 10

Uses the sun’s energy to do Photosynthesis.Has its own set of DNA. Plants only!

Front 11

Prokaryotes

Back 11

Usually single-celled organisms who do not contain a nucleus, but do have a cell wall. Ex) bacteria

Front 12

Eukaryotes

Back 12

Cells that do have a nuclues. Includes plant and animal cells.

Front 13

Lipids

Back 13

Organic molecule composed of a glycerol and fatty acid chains. Main component of the cell membrane.

Front 14

Proteins

Back 14

Organic molecule composed of amino acids. Some types are located in the cell membranne and can be used as receptors or channels.

Front 15

DNA

Back 15

Organic molecule composed of nucleic acids. Located only in the nucleus. The blueprints for proteins.

Front 16

Passive Transport

Back 16

o Molecules move directly through the lipid membrane without using energy (ATP)
o Molecules always move from High to Low concentration.
o 2 types: Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

Front 17

Simple Diffusion

Back 17

· No protein is required to move molecules across the membrane
· Includes small, non-polar molecules
· Ex) O2 and CO2

Front 18

) Facilitated Diffusion

Back 18

· Uses a channel protein
· Includes large and/or polar molecules
· Ex) sugar and HCO3-
· Water is also polar and goes thru a special type of facilitated diffusion: Osmosis

Front 19

Osmosis

Back 19

· Water is also polar and goes thru a special type of facilitated diffusion which is:

Front 20

2. Active Transport

Back 20

o Moving the molecules against their concentration gradient – from Low to High concentration.
o Requires energy (ATP) to move the molecules through
o Requires a protein “pump”

Front 21

surface area to volume ratio

Back 21

a measure of how much surface area is exposed per a given volume.

Front 22

greater

Back 22

Smaller objects have a ____________ surface area to volume ratio.

Front 23

villi

Back 23

finger-like structures in the small intestine that increase the surface area for optimal food absorption.

Front 24

alveoli

Back 24

sac-like structures in the lungs that increase the surface area for optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Front 25

Internal signaling

Back 25

Certain genes are turned on or off by substances (chemicals) within the cytoplasm. Each cell receives a bit of cytoplasm that is different from the next cell’s cytoplasm

Front 26

External signaling

Back 26

Chemicals from neighboring cells indicate what they might become and how they will arrange themselves

Front 27

Internal signaling

Back 27

A molecule in the cytoplasm turns on a cell’s nerve specific genes and the cell takes the shape of a nerve cell. This is an example of:

Front 28

External signaling

Back 28

Two nerve cells are located next to each other. One signals that it is going to become a brain cell and as a result the other becomes a spinal cell. This is an example of:

Front 29

cells

Back 29

1. Our body is made-up of trillions of these small structures

Front 30

(SA to Vol Ratio)

Back 30

2. A comparison of the measure of area touching the outside environment, compared to the amount of space that it takes

Front 31

(vacuole)

Back 31

3. This is a large storage facility found in cells, it’s usually bigger in plant cells

Front 32

(mitochondria)

Back 32

4. This is considered the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell

Front 33

(alveoli).

Back 33

5. This structure is and example of something that increases the surface area to volume ratio…it also looks like a clump of grapes

Front 34

blastula)

Back 34

6. This is a hollow sphere of undifferentiated cells

Front 35

external signals)

Back 35

7. These can promote cell differentiation by turning genes on or off from the outside only

Front 36

(ATP)

Back 36

8. This is a usable form of energy

Front 37

(cytoplasm)

Back 37

9. This is the gooey, gel-like substance that fills the cell and holds the organelles in place

Front 38

(cell differentiation)

Back 38

10. This is the name given to the process of turning genes on and off within a cell

Front 39

(hydrophilic)

Back 39

11. Another term for the ‘water-loving’ heads of the bi-lipid layer

Front 40

(passive)

Back 40

12. This type of transport does not require energy

Front 41

(lysosome)

Back 41

13. This structure in the cell is responsible for removing waste

Front 42

(DNA)

Back 42

14. This large molecule is located in the nucleus, and contains a cell’s genetic information

Front 43

(Bacteria).

Back 43

15. These are the most commonly known type of Prokaryotic cell

Front 44

(cell membrane)

Back 44

16. This structure is responsible for letting things move in and out of the cell

Front 45

(eukaryotic)

Back 45

17. This type of cell does have a nucleus, as opposed to not having a nucleus

Front 46

(proteins)

Back 46

18. These things function to receive signals and to transport large, charged particles across the membrane.

Front 47

(non-polar)

Back 47

19. The fatty acid tails of the bi-lipid layer are considered to be _______, because they are not ‘charged’.

Front 48

(cell wall)

Back 48

20. This structure is only found in plants, and its main function is to give shape and protection

Front 49

(internal signals)

Back 49

21. These can promote cell differentiation by turning genes on or off from the inside only

Front 50

(osmosis)

Back 50

22. This is the name given to diffusion of water across the membrane

Front 51

nucleus)

Back 51

23. This is the control center of the cell

Front 52

(active transport)

Back 52

24. This type of transport across the membrane requires energy

Front 53

(golgi body)

Back 53

25. This structure is responsible for attaching carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

Front 54

. (villi)

Back 54

26. We learned about this structure, with a large surface area to volume ratio, is responsible for the transport of nutrients from the small intestine to the blood stream.

Front 55

(prokaryotic)

Back 55

27. This category of cell is defined by not having a nucleus

Front 56

(facilitated diffusion)

Back 56

28. This is the movement of molecule across the cell membrane, by use of a protein channel

Front 57

(hydrophobic)

Back 57

29. This term means “water fearing”, and is used to describe the inside of the bi-lipid layer

Front 58

(low to high concentration)

Back 58

30. Energy is required to move molecules from ____ concentration to ____ concentration

Front 59

(ribosome)

Back 59

31. This molecule assembles proteins