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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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body's way of maintaining a stable internal environment.
Factors that interfere with homeostasis include infection, genetic defects, trauma, and organ systems under stress. |
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Negative Feedback
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Body sends signals to stop a given reaction and results in the discontinuation of the reaction
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Positive Feedback
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Sends signals to continue a given action. Reinforces reaction
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Cellular Injury
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ATP depletion-loss of mitochondrial ATP and decreased ATP synthesis results in cellular swelling, decreased protein synthesis, decreased membrane transport and lipogenesis. Changes contribute to loss of integrity of plasma membrane.
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Cellular Injury
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Free radicals-lack of oxygen key to progression of cell injury. Activated free radicals cause destruction of cell mmbrane and cell structure. Intracellular Ca normally low, changes cause increase which leads to damage of plasma membrane and intracellular damage.
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Cellular Damage
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Cellular strain lead to injury or adaptation. Injury can be reversible or irreversible (necrosis or apoptosis).
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Atrophy
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This is a decrease or shrinking in cell size. Most common in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain.
Physiological-early development Pathological-result due to decrease in workload, use, pressure, bloodsupply, nutrition, hormone stimulation, and nervous stimulation. |
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hypoxia
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low oxygen
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Hypoxemia
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lack of oxygen in blood
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Ischemia
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Lack of oxygen in tissue
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Hypertrophy
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The increase in cell size and size of affected organ. Heart, kidneys
-increase in protein of cellular components -caused by hormone stimulation or increase in functional demand. Physiological-skelatal-response to heavy work, diminishes when excessive work diminishes. Pathological-heart-secondary to HTN or problem with valves. BPH, neoplasms, Cardiomyopathy |
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Hyperplasia
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Increase int he number of cells resulting from increase rate of cellular division.
Compensatory-adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate. eg. skin and liver...nerve, skelatal, heart, and eye do not regenerate. Hormonal-uterus-in preparation to accept ovum Pathological-abnormal proliferation of normal cells. respond to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth factors on target cells. eg..gynomastia, acromegaly, goiter, pathologic endometrial hyperplasia |
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Metaplasia
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Reversible replacement of mature cell by another less differentiated cell type.
Bronchial metaplasia-replacemnt of columnar ciliated epithelial cells with stratified squamous cells-thse do not secrete mucus or have cilia, causing loss of protective mechanism Barrett's esophagus-precursor to esophageal Ca. |
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal change in size, shape, and organization of mature cells. Type of atypical hyperplasia. Found in cervix and resp tract. Commonly associated with neoplastic growths and often adjacent to cancerous cells. Considered mild, moderate and severe.
Strong predictor of Ca, if stimulus is removed, dyplastic changes often reversible. |
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Intracellular Accumulations
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Pathological......
Lipids-Liver Disease Iron-Hemochromatosis Copper-Wilson's Disease Uric Acid-Gout Beta-Amyloids-Alzheimer's Bilirubin-Liver, GB, Pancreas Melanin-Addison's Dystrophic Calcification-Atherosclerosis malignant Calcification-Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy |
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Hemochromatosis
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Increased iron absorption and storage
Primary-Genetic-Autosomal Recessive Secondary-alcoholism SX: fatigue, arthritis, deposits in liver, pancreas, heart, gray or bronze skin tone TESTING: increased FE, transferrin sats > 45%. decreased TIBC, DNA testing EKG MANAGEMENT: therapeutic phlebotomy. DO NOT give Vit C-increases absorption of iron |
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Necrosis
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The sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular lysis. It provokes an inflammatory reaction in surrounding tissue.
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Types of Necrosis
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Coagulative-occurs in kidney, heart, adrenal glands. Caused by hypoxia, cardiac ischemia.
Liquefactive-ischemic injury to brain. Infectious Caseous-combination of above found in lungs-TB, histoplasmosis Fat-breast, pancreas, abdomen-cellular dissolution by lipases. Gangrenous-death of tissue dry-ischemia wet-bacteria |
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Cells involved in inflammation
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Neutrophils-1st responders
Basophils-histamine Eosinophils-parasyte, allergies macrophage-clean up debris Lymphocyte-B cells-antibodies and immunity Platelets-help with clotting. could be increased on count |
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Genetics
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Dominant-Received from one parent-seen in midlife of older
Recessive-both parents have gene-do not have themselves. Chromosomal Sex-linked-XY linked Autosomal-everything outside of x-linked Multifactorial-combination of environmental and genetic |
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Down Syndrome
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Chromosomal-trisomy 21
physical and mental disorders which increase with maternal age. S/SX: small head with flat facial features, slanted eyes, single crease in palm, heart defects, leukemia, dementia, may have decreased IQ and speech difficulties. TESTING: prenatal care, US or amnio |
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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Chromosomal-XXY
S/SX:bth male andd femal sex characteristics. Decreased testosterone, less body and facial hair, gynecomastia (? breast Ca), weak muscles andd bones (osteoporosis), shy, infertility TESTING: clinical exam, chromosomal testing, hormones |
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Turner Syndrome
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Chromosomal-XO(X only)
S/SX: short stature, no or irregular menstrual periods, ovarian failure, no breast development, infertility, Aortic stenosis, COA, webbing of neck TESTING: clinical, chromosomal, echo, reproductive hormones TX:estrogen, HGH |
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Huntington's Chorea
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Autosomal Dominant
progressive degeneration of nerve cells Causes:genetic, fhx, middle age onset S/SX: chorea-flailiing movement, problems include speech, balance, swallowing, cognitive impairment, behavioral personality changes TESTING: CT/MRI, genetic testing |
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Autosomal Recessive
decreased chloride metabolism which increases sodium and water reabsorption...sticky mucus S/SX: Resp-cough, wheezing, freq inf (pseudomonous)clubbing, bronchiectasis GI:meconium ileus, abnormal fat metabolism, steatorrhea, fecal impaction. panccreas, liver, growth, reproductive delay. TESTING: sweat test, genetic |
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Dwarfism
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Achondroplasia-Autosomal Dominant-most common typre of dwarfism-problem from hip down. no cartilage or bone production. caused by decreased GH
Primordial Dwarfism-Autosomal Recessive-both parents carry disease S/SX:hip deformitie, club foot, scoliosis/lordosis TESTING:clinical exam, hormones, xray/ct, genetic testing |
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Muscular Dystrophy
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X-linked Recessive
skeletal muscle degeneration CAUSE: Duchenne MD-early onset, make children, weakness in proximal musces-necrosis of muscle fibers-replacement of fatty tissue-pseudohypertrophy, pneumonia, decreased IQ, cardiomyopathy, incr intestinal transit time Becker MD-less severe TESTING:increased CK, EMG, genetic, Biopsy |
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Osteoporosis
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Osteopenia-weakening of bone
-estrogen promotes building of bone. Estrogen deficiency-post-menopausal, CA def, inactivity, hyperthyroid (malabsorption), parathyroid hormone job is to inrease CA levels in blood, bound to Vit D CAUSES:multiple myeloma, Vit D def, renal S/SX: kyposis, comp fx's, radiolucency TESTING: dexa scan T-score < -2.5 |
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Alzheimers
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Progressive destruction of the brain. 7th leading cause of death.
CAUSES:genetics, FHX, Down's, Age S/SX:amyloid plaques-cortical atrophy. Accumulation of tau protein-neurofibrillary tangles, decreased acetylcholine PROBLEMS:memory, judgement, behavior reasoning TESTING: cognitive, ct/mri, R/O organic disorders ie: STD, drugs, anemia, hyperthyroid |
