Cells

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cyt-

Back 1

cell

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hyper-

Back 2

above

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inter-

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inbetween

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lys-

Back 4

to break apart

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pro-

Back 5

before

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mit-

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thread

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-som

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body

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endo-

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within

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hypo-

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below

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iso-

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equal

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phag-

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to eat

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apo-

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away, apart

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pino-

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to drink

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vesic-

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bladder

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cell

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smallest unit of life that contains all the parts necessary to survive; building blocks of life

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plasma membrane

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outside layer of the cell that separates intracellular and extracellular fluids

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fluid mosaic model

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describes the plasma membrane; bilayer of phopholipids with imbedded molecules that is constantly moving and allowing small substances and nonpolar substances to move through it

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membrane protein

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a protein imbedded within the cell membrane or attached to the plasma membrane surface

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cholesterol

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membrane lipid that decreases the phospholipid orderliness and enhances the fluidity of the membrae

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cytoplasm

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the fluid filled area inside the plasma membrane and outside the nuclear membrane that houses most organelles and cellular activities

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cytosol

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fluid that suspends other elements in the cytoplasm

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organelles

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membrane enclosed metabolic machinery of the cell

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inclusions

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non-functioning units typically used for storage that are found in the cytoplasm

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mitochondria

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powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP formation

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ribosomes

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granules containing protein and rRNA that are the site of protein synthesis

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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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system of interconnected tubes and membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

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smooth ER

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site of cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs

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rough ER

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site where building materials of the cellular membrane are formed (proteins and phospholipids)

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golgi apparatus

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site of modification and packaging of proteins; can produce secretory vesicles, cell membrane componenets, and lysosomes

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lysosomes

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spherical membranous bags that contain digestive enzymes to digest bacteria, viruses, and toxins

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peroxisomes

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membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful or toxic substances and neutralize free radicals

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cytoskeleton

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the internal framework of the cell that is composed of a network of protein structures that extend through the cytosol

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microtubules

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cytoskeleton filaments that determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles

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intermediate filaments

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cytoskeleton filaments that resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes

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microfilaments

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cytoskelton filaments that are attached to the plasma membrane and help brace and strengthen the cell surface as well as function in endocytosis and exocytosis

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centrioles

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small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus

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cilia

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whip-like motile cellular extensions that move substances in one direction across the cell surfaces

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flagella

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whip-like motile cellular extensions that allow for movement of a cell such as a sperm cell

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nucleus

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gene-containing control center of the cell that contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins

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nuclear envelope

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barrier of the nucleus that consists of a double phospholipid membrane and contains pores that allow for material exchange

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nucleoplasm

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jelly-like fluid found in the nucleus of the cell

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nucleolus

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site of ribosome production found in the nucleus

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chromatin

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loosely coiled fibers of DNA that form chromosomes when compacted

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membrane transport

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movement of a substance into and out of the cell through the plasma membrane

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passive transport

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membrane transport that requires no energy

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active transport

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membrane transport that the cell must provide metabolic energy for it to occur

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diffusion

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movement of a molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

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simple diffusion

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unassisted process of diffusion of particles that are either lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through the plasma membrane

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osmosis

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simple diffusion of water

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facilitated diffusion

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diffusion across a membrane that requires a protein carrier to diffusion

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concentration gradient

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movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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osmolarity

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total concentration of solute particles in solution

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tonicity

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the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of a cell

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isotonic

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solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol

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hypertonic

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solutions having greater solute concentration that that of the cytosol

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hyptonic

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solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol

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filtration

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movement of a molecule form an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

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vesicular transport

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transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membrane

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endocytosis

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extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle

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phagocytosis

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engulfing solids and bringing them into the cell's interior

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pinocytosis

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the plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the interior of the cell

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receptor-mediated endocytosis

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movement of specific particles into cells when they attach to protein receptors on cellular surfaces

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prophase

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first part of cell division where cnetrioles migrate to poles of the cell

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metaphase

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cell division step in which spindles from centrioles are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell

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anaphase

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cell division step where daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles and the cell begins to elongate

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telophase

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cell division step in which daughter nuclei are being formed and a cleaveage furrow begins to form

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telomeres

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series of nucleotides that is shortened with each division and tells the cells when to stop dividing

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cancer

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out of control cell division

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benign

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tumor that stays in place and is typically encapsulated

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malignant

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cancer that may spread to other body parts

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signal transduction

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series of biochemical reactions that allows cells to receive and respond to messages reaching the cell membrane

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cellular adhesion molecules

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proteins that guide movement of cells

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ribosome

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organelle composed of RNA and protein that provides structural support and enzymes for protein synthesis

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endoplasmic reticulum

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organelle composed of a network of connected membranous tubules and vesicles

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vesicles

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membranou, cytoplasmic sac

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golgi apparatus

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organelle that prepares cellular products for secretion

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mitochondria

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organelle housing enzymes that catalyze aerobic reactions of cellular respiration

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lysosomes

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organelle that contains digestive enzymes

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peroxisomes

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membranous cytoplasmic vesicle that contain enzymes that catalyze reaction that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide

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centrosome

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cellular organelle consisting of 2 centrioles

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cilia

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microscopic, hairlike extensions of the exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells

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flagella

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realatively long, motile process that extends from the surface of a sperm cell

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nuclear pore

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protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelop

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nucleolus

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small structure in the cell nucleus that contains
RNA and proteins and is the site of ribosome production

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chromatin

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DNA and complexed protein of the cell's chromosomes

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active transport

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process that requires energy and a carrier molecule to move a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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endocytosis

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process by which a cell membrane envelopes a particle and draws it into the cell in a vesicle

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pinocytosis

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procdess by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid from its surroundings

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transcytosis

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combination or receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis that moves particles through a cell layer

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cell cycle

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life cycle of a cell consisting of growth,

DNA synthesis growth, nuclear division, and cytoplasmic division

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mitosis

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division of a somatic cell nucleus during cell division

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cytokinesis

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division of the cytoplasm during the cell cycle

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differentiation

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cell specialization

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interphase

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period after one cell division and before the next when a cell metabolized and prepares for division

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prophase

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stage of mitosis when chromosomes become individually visible when stained and viewed under a microscope

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metaphase

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stage in mitosis when chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

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anaphase

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stage in mitosis when replicated chromatids separate and move as chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

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telophase

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stage in mitosis when newly formed nuclei separate

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tumor

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tissue mass formed when cells lose division control

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oncogenes

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genes that normally control cell division but when overexpressed leads to cancer

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tumor suppressor genes

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a gene that encodes a protein that ordinarily inhibits cell division

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stem cell

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undifferentiated cell that can divide to yield two daughter stem cells or a stem cell and a progenitor cell

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progenitor cell

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daughter cell of a stem cell whose own daughter cells are restirced to follow specific lilneages

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totipotent

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ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell

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pluripotent

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cell able to differentiate to yield several specialized cell types

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apoptosis

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programmed cell death