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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Cell

The smallest unit of matter that can carry out all the processes of life

Characteristics of Life

-Energy use


-Homeostasis


-Growth and development


-Reproduction


-Organization


-Composed of cells

Cell Theory

-All living organisms are made of cells


-Cells are the basic unit of structure and function


-Cells only come from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotic Cells

-Oldest type of cell (3.5 billion years old)


-Very small in size


-Lack membrane-bound organelles


-No nucleus (DNA concentrated in nucleoid region)


-Bacteria, Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells

-More recent and complex (2.5 billion years old)


-Relatively large (10x larger than prokaryotics)


-Have membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus


-Major types: Animal cells, Plant cells, Fungi, Protists (amoeba

Why Cells Are Small

-Smaller cells have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio


-Take in nutrients and distribute them throughout the cell


-Get rid of wastes faster

Organelles

-Nucleus and nucleolus


-Chloroplast and chlorophyll


-Mitochondria


-Vacuole and lysosomes


-Cilia and flagella


-Golgi apparatus


-Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes


-Cytoskeleton


-Cell membrane and cell wall

Nucleus and Nucleolus

-Nucleus is the central part of the cell that controls all functions (found in eukaryotic cells)


-Nucleolus is inside the nucleus and the site of ribosome synthesis

Chloroplast and Chlorophyll

-Only in plant cells


-Contains a green pigment that absorbs light and converts it into energy


-Produces energy, amino acids and lipid components


-Chlorophyll causes photosynthesis


-Makes plants green


-Like a solar panel

Mitochondria

-Powerhouse

1. Shaped to maximize productivity
2. Like skin
3. Folds over and creates layers (cristae)
4. 4 parts
5. Breaks nutrients down into energy
6. Keeps cells energy
7. Found in most eukaryotic cells

Vacuole and Lysosomes


1. Vacuoles are large membrane bound sacks that store undigested nutrients
2. In animal cells there are several smaller vacuoles
3. Flower petals
4. Vacuoles are like a fridge because they contain and store nutrients
5. Lysosomes are mainly in animal cells (and plant cells)
6. Membrane bound sacks
7. Contain digestives enzymes that break down macromolecules
8. Fuses with food vacuoles and exposes it to the enzymes
9. Gets rid of bad bacteria
10. Lysosomes can digest other organelles
11. Take in unwanted materials



Cilia and Flagella



1. Made of proteins
2. Propellers for cells
3. Wipe off excess fluid from the cell
4. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
5. Move in a back and forth motion to propel the cell
6. Found only in animal cells
7. No more than 3 per cell
8. Move in and S motion
9. Mostly in animal cells


Golgi Apparatus


1. An organelle that packages molecules for storage and to send out of the cell.
2. Builds lysosomes
3. Gathers simple molecules and combines them into more complex molecules
4. Puts them into "sacks" and stores them or sends them out of the cell
5. In plant cells it creates complex sugar
6. A series of pancake-shaped membranes
7. Surrounds an area of fluid where complex molecules are stored


Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes

1. Can be smooth or rough (ribosomes)
2. Rough ER makes proteins with ribosomes
3. Smooth ER transports lipids and proteins

Cytoskeleton


1. Intercellular proteins that help with shape, support and movement
2. Animal cell - 10-30 micrometers
3. Plant cell - 10-100 micrometers
4. Like rafters on a roof


Cell Membrane and Cell Wall


1. Creates a flexible, porous container for the cell
2. Controls what goes in and out of the cell
3. Like a plastic bag with holes
4. Selectively permeable
5. Made with cellulous (structural carb)
6. Keeps the shape and protects cells


Cell Membrane Structure

-Phospholipid bilayer


-Thin, selectively permeable


-Described as fluid mosaic model??????


-Components: phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates


Phospholipids

-Main component of the cell membrane


-Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails form cell membrane

-Main component of the cell membrane


-Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails form cell membrane

Proteins

-Embedded in phospholipid layer


-For transport, cell recognition, cell signaling and enzymes


 

-Embedded in phospholipid layer


-For transport, cell recognition, cell signaling and enzymes


Carbohydrates

-Attached to phospholipids or embedded proteins


-For cell recognition and cell adhesion

Passive Transport

-The movement of molecules from a high to low concentration across a membrane without the use of energy (ATP). Also known as movement down the concentration gradient. (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

Simple Diffusion

-The movement of particles down the concentration gradient across a membrane (small molecules such as CO2 and O2)

-The movement of particles down the concentration gradient across a membrane (small molecules such as CO2 and O2)

Facilitated Diffusion

-The passage of large or charged molecules down a concentration gradient through a carrier protein (such as sugars)

-The passage of large or charged molecules down a concentration gradient through a carrier protein (such as sugars)

Osmosis

-The passage of water from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

Isotonic

-Concentration of solute of solution outside of the cell = concentration of solute inside of the cells

Hypertonic

-Concentration of solute of solution outside of the cell is HIGHER than the concentration of solute inside the cells

Hypotonic

-Concentration of solute of solution outside of the cell is LOWER than the concentration of solute inside the cells

Active Transport

-The movement of molecules or ions from a high to a low concentration across a membrane that requires the use of energy (ATP). Also known as movement against the concentration gradient. 

-The movement of molecules or ions from a high to a low concentration across a membrane that requires the use of energy (ATP). Also known as movement against the concentration gradient.

Endocytosis

-The movement of large molecules into the cell

Exocytosis

-The movement of large molecules out of the cell