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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell
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the basic strutural and functional unit of all living things; all living things are made up of 1+ cells; life processes are carried out by cells
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cytology
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the study of cells
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-cyte
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cell
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Robert Hook
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1665-1st person to observe and describe cell; used light microscope to observe cork cells
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cork cells
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dead plant cells
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Anton von Leeuwenhoek
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1675; observed living things in pond water; was unaware that he was looking at cells
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1800's
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powerful microscopes started to be developed
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end of 1950's
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most of celll organelles were discovered
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Schleider
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1838; created the theory that all plants are made up of cells
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Schwann
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1839; stated that the cells was the basic unit of structure in animals
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Cell Theory #1
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All living things are made up of 1+ cells
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Cell Theory #2
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cells are the basic unit of structure in living things and all cells carry out all life processes
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Cell Theory #3
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cells aise only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells
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Redi
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disproved spontaneous generatioin
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Eukaryotic cells
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cells that have a membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus (normal cell)
10-100 micrometers |
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Ex: of Eukaryotic cells
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protists, plants, fungi and animal cells
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Prokaryotic cells
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lack any internal membrance bound structures (like a nucleus)
DNA is found in an area of the cells call the nucleoid make up the smallest single-celled organisms 1-10 micrometers |
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nucleoid
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where the DNA is found in a Prokaryotic cell
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Ex: of prokaryotic cells
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bacteria and archaebacteria
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cell structure
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three main parts:
cell membrane (outside) cytoplasm (middle) nucleus (inside) |
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cell membrane (plasma membrane)
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at boundary of every cell the cell membrance acts as a selections barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes to serice entire cell volume
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wastes
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C02, metabolic wastes
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function of cell membrane
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protects inside of cell
supports and gives cell shape controls what moces into and out of cell recongnizes and responds to chemical signals |
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what cell membrane helps to maintain
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homeostasis
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selectively permeable...meaning
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some substances can pass through it freely
some substances cannot pass through it at all some substancescan pass through it to some extent or only at certain times |
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selevtive nature is result of...
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...chemical and electrical properties of membrane molecules; relates to structure of membrance
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structure of cell membrane
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a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids with various proteins attached or embedded in it (fluid mosaic model)
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components of cell membrane
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phospholipids
carbs cholesterol proteins |
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phospholipids
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are amphipatic
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amphipatic
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have a hydrophlic hard and hydrophobic tail
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cytoplasm
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the region between the nucleus and the cell membrance where organelles of the cell are locates
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cytosol
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semi-fluid substance in cells
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organelle
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specialized internal structures in Eukaryotic cells
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nucleus
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the "brain" of the cekk; contains all of the blueprints for all of the cells in the body; DNA is found in the nucleus, usually in the form of chrosomes
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nuclear membrance (nuclear envelope)
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a double membrance that alloows theings to enter and leave the nucleus through pores; selectively permeable
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chromatin
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DNA; when the cell gets ready to divide, chromatin will shorten and thicken into chromosomes
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what does cholesterol make the membrene do @ body temp.?
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makes it fluid
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carbohydrates
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located in the outer surface of the cell membrane; impt. for cell recongnition
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Oligosaccharides
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small polysaccharides; act as cell markers that distinguish 1 cell from another
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proteins
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embedded with phospholipids
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types of proteins
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transport proteins
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transport proteins
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a protein that spans the membrane and provides a hydrophilic channel across membrance
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ex of hydrophilic molecules
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water
sugar electrolytes polar molecules |
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hydrophobic molecules
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C02 and 02, achohol will travel through phospholipid layer instead
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nucleolus
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makes ribosomes (may be multiple nucleoli in a cell)
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ribsomes
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the organelle where proteins are made; leave the nucleus via the nuclear membrane with instructions on how to make proteins
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aka make proteins
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protein synthesis
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where do the ribosomes get the instructions on how to nake proteins?
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DNA in nucleus
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DNA
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holds genetic material
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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"ER"; the site of cellular chemical reactions; serve as a system of channels for materials to be transported throughout the cell; highway system for cell
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Rough ER
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ribosomes attach and finish forming proteins
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Smooth ER
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productin and stroage of lipids and other molecules take place here
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golgi body (golgi apparatus)
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proteins are modified (fine tuned); the proteins are packaged and shipped off to where they are needed inside and outside of the cell; the post office of the cell
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lysosomes
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the digestive system of the cell; enzymes are found here; there is a membrane surrounding the lysosome; garbage disposal of cell
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-lys
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to destroy, to eat
ex: Lysol, the lysosome |
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why does a membrane surround the lysosome? what would happen if there was a hole in it>
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membrane-->controls how much goes in and out
enzymes are able to enter and leave in a controlled manner and not just spew out membrane-->very impt. |
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centrioles
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found in animal cells; play a role in cell division (mitosis)
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vacuole
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membrane bound spaves that are temporary storage of materials;
fx: food, enzymes, waste, water |
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what is the difference between plant and animal cell vacuoles?
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Plant-->large vacuole, holds large amt. of H20 or sap (sugar water that is used as a backup); when it is filled up, the cell is more rigid
animal-->small, multiple,hold mostly good, wastes and H20 (only sometimes) |
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energy
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a cell needs energy for allt he organelles to be able to function; the ability to do work
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which 2 organelles provide energy and where are they found?
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mitochondria-both
chloroplasts-plant |
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chloroplasts
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organelles that capture light and produce foor for a later time-->turn it into glucose; have a double membrane
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chlorophyll
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a green pigment that traps light energy; in chloroplasts; most efficient but not only pigment
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mitochondria
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membrane bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell; power house of the cell; there is an outer and an inner membrane; glucose turned into ATP; turn sugar (glucose) into energy
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inner membrane in mitochondria and function
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cristae; energy storing molecules are stored here
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mitochondron
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multiple mitochondria
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the # of the mitochondron may increase or decrease depending on the...
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function
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mitochondron are squished up like the small intestine because...
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it inceases the surface area, thus making it more efficient
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cells that have high # of mitochondron
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brain, heart, sperm
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cells that have low # of mitochondron
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skin, fat
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cell wall
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rigid structure located outside of the cell membrance; found only in plant cells and some bacteria; not selectively permeable...it will let anythingthat fits in
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function of cell wall
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support and protection
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what the cell wall is made up of
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cellulose (fibrous and porous)
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cellulose
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structural polysaccharide
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cytoskeleton
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support structure withing the cytoplasm; made up of tiny rods and filaments
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types of cytoskeletons
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microtubules
microfilaments |
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microtubules
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thin, holllow protein cylinders
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microfilaments
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thin, solid proteins fibers
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microtubles maintain...
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...cell shape and help organelles move within a cell (internal)
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microfilaments help...
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...uspport and move the cell (internal/external)
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cilia
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structures that help cells with locomotion and feeding; short hair-like projections that move in a wave-like motion
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ex: of cilia
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paramecuim/all respiratory tract
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flagella
and ex: |
same function as cilia; long projections that move in a whip-like motionsstructures that help cells with locomotion and feeding; sperm
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unicellular
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some organisms are made up of only one cell and act independently; all life processes are carried out by this one cell
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ex: of unicellular organisms
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bacteria, protozoa, fungi, many algae
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multicellular
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most organisms have more than one cell; they may have hundreds-->trillions
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colony
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the simplest multicellular organization; an organism of a few to many cells that are attached to one another; show little or no differentiation among one another
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ex: of colony
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volvox
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complex multicellular organisms
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organelles-->cells-->tissues-->organs-->organ system-->organism
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tissue
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a group of cells that are structurally similar and perform the same function; make up an organ
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types of tissues
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epithelial tissue
connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue blood |
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epithelial tissue
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covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
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ex: epithelial tissue
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skin, hair, nails, glandular
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connective tissue
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supports other body tissue and binds tissues and organs together
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ex: connective tissue
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bones, tendons, ligaments, scar tissue, cartilage
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muscle tissue
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specialized for contracting
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ex: muscle tissue
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cardiac (heart), smooth (organs), skeletal (muscle attached to bone)
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nervous tissue
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conducts impulses fast
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ex: nervous tissue
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neurons
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blood
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liquid tissue; transports nutrients, wastes, 02 and C02
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ex: blood
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Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells PLatelets Plasma |
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Plasma
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water
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functions of epithelial tissues
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protection (skin)
absorption (large intestine) secretion (glands); salivary, liver, pancreas |
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ligaments
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hold bone-->bonw
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tendons
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hold muscle-->bone
more flexible |
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organ
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a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function
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organ system
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a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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ex: organ system
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digestive
mouth (not really an organ), esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver |
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transport
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movement of materials through an organism
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cellular transport
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how things get into and leave cell; the movement of materials across teh cell membrance
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passive transport
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on energy is used for the movement of molecules acroses a membrane
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ex: of passive transport
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diffusion
osmosis |
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diffusion
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the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out into available space; object goes from an area of high concentrations-->area of low concentration
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Brownian movement
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why the movement occurs
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the molecules will tranvel from an area of what to what
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high concentration-->low concentration
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dynamic equilibrium
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the molecules will travel from ann area of high concentration-->low concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached; no energy required
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concentration gradient
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the difference in concentration between an area of high concentration and an area of low concentration
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diffusion only occurs if there is a...
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...concentration gradient
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protein part of the cell
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the part of the membrance that water diffuses through
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osmosis
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the diffusion of only water across a selectively permeable membrane
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organism
organ system organ tissues cells organelles |
order from smallest to largest
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organism
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all of the organ systems work together simultaneously to keep the organism alive
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maintaining homeostasis in a cell...how
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regulating the control of H20 into and out of the cell
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osmosis is a type of...
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...diffusion
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solution
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the homogeneous substance (liquid)
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solvent
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the substance something is dissolved in-->in the body, it is H200
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solute
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the dissolved substance in the solvent
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ex: of solute
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NaCl, Potassium ion, 02, C02
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iso-
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same
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isotonic solutions
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a solution that has the same concentration of a dissolved substance as the living cell placed in it; the concentration of H20 molecules in the cell and the solution is the same
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within an isotonic solution...3 things
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cells maintain their normal shape
concentration gradient is 0 no net gain or loss of water in the cell |
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hypotonic solution
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a solution that contains a lower concentration of dissolved molecules than that of the cell; the concentration of water molecules is greater in the solution than in the cell
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in a hypotonic solution...3 things
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cell will expand due to the H20 and possibly burst
animal cells don't like it plant cells like it; the cell wall prevents it from popping |
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when a plant cell is full is means...
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...that the cell is hydrated and the vacuole and cytoplasm have a lot of H20
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plant cells have...
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increased turgor
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animals cells burst
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lysis
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lysis
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dissolution or destruction of cells by lysins; the gradual recession of a disease
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turgor
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H20 pressure
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osmoregulation by a paramecium done by a specail vacuole called...
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...contractile vacuole
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hypertonic solution
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a solution that contains an increased # of dissolved molecules than that of the cell; the concentration of H20 molecules is less than that of the cell
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ex: of hypertonic solution
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salt water
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pkasmolysis
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cell shrinks
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in an animal cell, what happens when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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H20 exits cytoplasm and it shrivels up
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in a plant cell, what happens when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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cytoplasm shrinks due to loss of H20, there is now more air between cell wall and cell membrance, and it will become too wilted and die
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facilitated diffusion
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the passive transport of molecules across the cell membrane with the air of transport proteins (channel proteins); no energy is expended
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what can go through during facilitated diffusion?
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large molecules-->sugars, proteins
electrolytes polar molecules (H20) |
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what are molecules driven by during facilitated diffusion?
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concentration gradient
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aquaproteins
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the channel proteins for water
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gated channels
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channel proteins; they need a specific stimulus, liek a neurotransmitter, before they allow the substance to pass through
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Ex: of specific stimulus
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neurotransmitter
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active transport
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movement of molecules across a membrane against a concentration gradient; requires ATP; molecules are going from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
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how are molecules carried through the membrane?
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via a protein (carrier proteins); physically carried
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ex: of active transport
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sodium potassium pump
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sodium potassium pump
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an active transport system that exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions through the membrane
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endocytosis
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an active transport process where a cell surrounds a larger particle and takes into the cell
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pinocytosis
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the engulfing of a liquid
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phagcytosis
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the engulfing of a solid
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-endo, endo-
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go in
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ex: of phagcytosis; 2
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white blood cells to bacteria, amoeba to food particle
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