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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proteins rolled up in DNA into a compact mass is called...
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A Chromosome
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Where is hereditary material Located?
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Chromosomes contain hereditary material.
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What is a karyotype?
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A karyotype is a set of chromosomes found in an individual cell in their condensed form during cell division.
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What are eukaryotic chromosomes made of 1..... and 2..........
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1. Deoxyribose nucleic acid
2. protiens |
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DNA contains hereditary information is referred to as?
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The code of life.
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What are histone proteins?
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Histone proteins are bound to the DNA at regularly spaced intervals, and assists in wrapping the DNA strand into a very compact structure.
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What are chromatin?
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Chromatin are the proteins and DNA wrapped up together (ALL 46 CHROMOSOMES)
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DNA. a long thread is super coiled with a protein called Histone (figure 9.2)
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There are 46 chromosomes in human cells (therefore there are 46 long threads of DNA wrapped around proteins individually)
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What eight proteins attach to DNA, regularly spaced along its length?
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Histone.
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What is the DNA histone protein complex which appears as a bead called?
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Each DNA histone protein complex appears as a bead and is called the NUCLEOSOME.
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Replication (in terms of DNA)
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DNA can direct its own synthesis.
Each DNA molecule will replicate itself by unraveling its coil. |
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The process of DNA replication (every time a cell undergoes mitosis of meiosis:cell division)
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This process of DNA replication begins with one double stranded DNA molecule and ends up with two DNA double stranded molecules.
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Enzymes:
Helicase and Gyrase |
Involved in the coiling and uncoiling of DNA threads in the replication process
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Function of DNA polymerase :
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Produces the nitrogenous bases in order to construct new DNA strands. (visualize Figure 9.7)
Formal def: links free nucleotides to complimentary bases on each side of DNA strands |
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Function of the daughter chromosome:
The process of semi-conservative replication |
The daughter chromosome keeps one strand of the parent and creates a new strand preserving the parental thread
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Five characteristics of genes
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1. units of heredity
2. sequences of nucleotides 3. Codes for amino acids (construct RNA by transciption) 4. The transcribed RNA carries the message of the gene and converts it into amino acid sequence of proteins (on ribosomes) 5. Overall genes have the message to construct polypeptides. |
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Can DNA Change?
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Yes, by means of a spontaneous mutation.
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Sources of Gene mutations
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1. Ionizing radiation
2. Ultraviolet radiation 3. Some chemicals 4. Viruses |
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How are mitosis and Meiosis controlled?
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Mitosis and Meiosis are genetically controlled.
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What is Mitosis ?
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Mitosis equals 2N (Diploid Cell).
1. produces 2 identical cells 2. Each cell has a full DNA complement 3. growth and repair |
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What is Meiosis?
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Haploid cell....N... N=23 chrom.
1. Produces 4 cells from parent cell 2. produces gamete cells 3. daughter cells have half genetic compliment |
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Diploid cells
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Mitosis.... N= 23 chromosomes
2N= 2(23) = 46 chromosomes |
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what are gamete cells?
Male Gamete Female Gamete |
Sex cells
Male gamete = Sperm Female gamete = Egg |
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What is the significance of Meiosis?
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The significance of meiosis is to retain the chromosome number of a species.
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Diploid Cells are produced during ...........contain how many chromosomes?
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Produced during Mitosis
Full genetic compliment (46 chromosomes) |
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Haploid Cells are produced during ...........contain how many chromosomes?
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Produced during Meiosis
Contain only on set of chromosome (23) |
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When is a Zygote formed?
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during fertilization
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What kind of cell is a zygote?
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diploid cell.
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Cell theory was proprosed in the mid 1800
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Theodor Schwann
& Rudolf Virchow |
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Who discovered cells?
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Robert Hooke
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Cell Theory
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All cells come from pre-existing cells, all life is made up of cells, the smallest unit of life is a cell.
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The small a cell, the
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larger its surface are to volume ratio. ( increases efficiency of the cell)
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Characteristics of all cells:
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surrounding membrane
protoplasm organelles DNA |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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>appeared about 2.5 bya
>much smaller than eukaryotic >do not contain a nucleus >no membrane bound organelles |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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>appeared about 1.5 bya
>Contain membran bound organelles >bigger than prokaryotic cells >have a nulceus |
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Plasma membrane:
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>Made of of Phospholipids.
>Hydrophilic (water loving) head and hydrophobic (water hating) tail >two layers head points outward and tails face each other inward. >selectively permeable allows (H2O; O2, CO2, NH3) to pass freely > larger molecules such as glucose must enter the cell via membrane proteins |
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Membrane Proteins:
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Traffic substances that cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
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Cell Wall:
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provide a rigid exterior for plants, algae, fungi, protists.
it surrounds the plasma membrane Made out of chitin Does not exist in animal cells |
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Cytoplasm:
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gel-like fluid
75% water 25% proteins |
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Cytoskeleton:
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helps shape and support the cell.
made up of 3 fibers 1. microfilament 2. microtubules 3.intermediary filaments all together the 3 provide mechanical support, anchor organelles and help move substances inside the cell. |
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Cilia and Flagella:
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A cell can have more than one, used to for locomotion in the cells environment
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Membranous organelles fro functional compartments within the cytoplasm, name the functional compartments
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1. nucleus
2. Smooth ER, Rough ER 3. Golgi 4. Lysosomes 4. Vacuoles |
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Nucleus:
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>contains hereditary material
>control center of the cell >surround by a double layer (creating pores) >ribosomes are constructed in the nucleus |
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Nuclear envelope:
Double membrane the surrounds the nucleus |
the envelope is studded with various pores called nuclear pores through which the nucleus regulates traffic into and out of the nucleus.
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Basic definition of ER:
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helps move substances within the cell.
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Rough ER
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Ribosomes attache to its surface
>manufactures proteins (insulin) >may modify proteins from ribosomes |
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Smooth ER
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no attached ribosomes:
Has enzymes that help build molecules: >involved in synthesis of lipids and steroids (hormones produces by testis and ovaries) >involved in detoxification of drugs and other poison in the blood stream (Liver is rich in smooth ER) |
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Golgi Apparatus:
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modifies molecules and readies hem for transport.
Pancake stacks of membranous sacs vesicle fuse w/ golgi membrane, vesicles combine with plasma membrane to secrete content. molecules are modified, tagged and sorted to be sent to their destination |
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What is significant about the golgi and the ER?
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The golgi and the ER communicate with each other via transport vesicles
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Free Ribosomes
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perform functions for the cell
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Bound Ribosomes
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perform functions to be secreted out of the cell.
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Lysosomes:
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digest large molecules
contains digestive enzymes Aids in growth and repair of the cell Digests invaders White blood cells are rich with lysosomes. |
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Vacoules:
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Store sacs that store water, food and wastes.
Most found in plant cells and protista (unicellular kingdom) \ Paramecium algae amoeba |
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what do chloroplasts and mitochondria have on common
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They both contain their own DNA and are thought to have evolved from symbiotic bacteria.
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Chloroplast organelles
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use energy fromt he sun to make sugars
Photosynthesis does not make energy in the form of ADP |
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Equation for Photosynthesis
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CO2 + H20>>sunlight>>C6H12O6(sugar) + O2 (free oxygen molecule)
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Mitochondria
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break down fuel molecules and release energy in to form of ADP
Site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria are present in ALL eukaryotic cells |
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Equation for Cellula Respiration
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C6H12O6 >> ENZYMES>> CO2 +H20 + 35 molecules of ADP
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Passive Transport:
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Does not require ADP
>simple diffusion ( molecules flow from high concentration to low concentration) move to equalize the gradiant (high moves toward low) |
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Active Transport:
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Cell uses energy (ADP)
goes against the concentration radiant (molecules travel from low to high concentration) |
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Endocytosis:
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Molecules moving into the cell
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Exocytosis
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Molecules moving out of the cell
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Cytosis
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Molecules moving within the cell.
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Types of Passive Transport:
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Diffusion
Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion |
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Diffusion:
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Molecules move from high to low concentration to low concentration
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Osmosis
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usually involves the movement of water.
Special form of diffusion Water flows from lower solute conentration. |
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Hypotonic:
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solutes in a cell more than outside
outside water will flow into cell |
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Hypertonic
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solutes greater outside cell
water will flow out of cell |
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Isotonic
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Solutes equal inside and out of cell.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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uses transport proteins for movement across a differentially permeable membrane
> involves the help of membrane transport proteins that enable certain specific molecules to pass across the membrane No input of energy in involved Protein bind with molecules Shape of protein changes molecule moves across membrane. |
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Solvent
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WATER
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Solute
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what dissolves in water
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Active transport
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molecular movement
requires energy Example: Sodium Potassium Pump |
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Forms of Endocytosis:
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Phagocytosis
& Pinocytosis |
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Phagocytosis:
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Cell eating
Solids |
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Pinocytosis
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Cell drinking
Liquids |
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A student should tell the difference between onion skin cell and cheek cells because the onion skin cells have
a. Cell membrane b. Nucleus c. Mitochondria d. Cell wall |
d. Cell wall
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In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?
a) mitochondrion b) chromoplast c) vacuole d) chloroplast |
d) chloroplast
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________ consists of nucleotides whereas ____ consists of amino acids.
a. proteins, RNA b. Nucleic acids, proteins c. proteins, DNA d. Proteins, nucleic acids |
b. Nucleic acids, proteins
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The biological code in DNA stores information for making:
a) proteins b) carbohydrates c) lipids d) glucose |
a) proteins
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In Humans after every mitotic division the daughter cells have
a). 46 chromosomes b). 23 chromosomes c). 46 homologous pairs d). 44 chromosomes |
a). 46 chromosomes
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DNA makes RNA in most of the cases in which cellular organelle
A. Nucleus B. Rough ER C. Smooth ER D. Golgi Apparatus |
B. Rough ER
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Name the process that allows DNA to make RNA
a. Replication b. Translation c. transcription d. mutation |
c. transcription
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Mutations arise spontaneously when
A. Ribosomes do not make a protein B. Mutations are always induced by the environment and never happen spontaneously C. DNA polymerase incorporates a wrong nucleotide during DNA replication D. None of the above |
C. DNA polymerase incorporates a wrong nucleotide during DNA replication
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The process of meiosis always begins with what type of cell?
a) liver cell b) haploid c) asexual d) diploid |
d) diploid
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The process of mitosis always begins with what type of cell?
a) liver cell b) haploid c) asexual d) diploid |
d) diploid
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Bacteria are normally engulfed by white blood cells by which of the following process?
a. Exocytosis b. Pinocytosis c. Endocytosis d. Osmosis |
c. Endocytosis
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In animals somatic cells:
a) are diploid b) include all body cells except gametes c) are produced by meiosis d) Both a and b |
a) are diploid
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DNA and histone complex is called a(n):
a) chromatin b) nucleosome c) nucleus d) centromeres |
b) nucleosome
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Most cellular respiration (for ATP production) in plants takes place in organelles known as
a. Chloroplasts b. Nucleus c. Ribosomes d. Mitochondria |
d. Mitochondria
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An organelle found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a. Centriole b. Nucleolus c. Chloroplast d. Ribosomes |
d. Ribosomes
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Mitosis (in general) results in daughter cells with _______ as the parent cell.
a. Double the # of chromosomes b. half the number of chromosomes c. the same number of of chromosomes d. none of the above e. all of the above |
c. the same # of chromosomes
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If a fruit fly has a haploid number of chromosomes equal to 8, how many chromosomes does its somatic cell contain?
a. 4 b. 8 c.16 d 32 |
c. 16
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If a gorilla has somatic cells containing 48, how many chromosomes will be found in its gametes?
a.23 b.24 c.48 d.96 |
b. 24
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Both mitosis and meiosis are preceded by:
a. DNA replication b. RNA replication c. DNA translation d. Cell division |
a. DNA replication
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Upon completion of meiosis, there are
a. Four Haploid Cells b. Two Haploids Cells c. Four Diploid Cells d. Two Diploid Cells |
a. Four Haploid Cells
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Which of these cell parts is not paired correctly with its function?
a. Nucleus ----control center b. Ribosome ---- site of protein synthesis c. Mitochondrion ---site of photosynthesis d. Plasma membrane ---- regulation |
c. Mitochondrion ---site of photosynthesis
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A chromosome is composed of how many molecules of DNA?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 23 d. 46 |
a. 1
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During DNA replication, which enzyme assist in bonding Sugar-phosphate backbone?
a. DNA polymerase b. RNA polymerase c. DNA ligase d. DNA helicase |
c. DNA ligase
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A ballon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. This balloon is placed in a beaker containing 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is true?
a. The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon. b. The solution in the beaker is isotonic relative to the solution in the ballon. c. The solution in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the solution in the balloon d. When placed in the beaker the balloon will loose water. |
c. The solution in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the solution in the balloon
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In an isotonic environment, a blood cell will
a. Burst b. Stay normal and healthy c. Shrink d. None of the above |
b. Stay normal and healthy
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