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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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credited with naming the cell
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Robert Hooke
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the idea that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things and that cells come from cells
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cell theory
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allows us to see living cells
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compound light microscope
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allows us to see more details of cells, but they must be dead to view as they are sliced and coated in a metallic dust
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electron microscope
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the two types of electron microscope and the type of image made by each
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SEM - scanning
- 3D image of surface TEM - transmission - slices of interior |
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credited with early detailed observations of microorganisms in pond water
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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credited with the idea that all plants are made of cells
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Schleiden
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credited with the idea that all animals are made of cells
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Schwann
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credited with the idea that existing cells divide to make more cells
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Virchow
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credited with staining the cell to see the nucleus and other internal parts
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Brown
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Give 7 differences between plant and animal cells.
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plants - cell wall and membrane, chloroplasts and mitochondria, large water vacuole, boxy, green, no centrioles, cell plate during cytokinesis
animals - cell membranes only, mitochondria only, irregular shapes, centrioles, cleavage, |
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everything between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane
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cytoplasm
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What two things make up the cytoplasm
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cytosol (liquid) and organelles
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the cell's framework
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cytoskeleton
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What two things make up the cytoskeleton?
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microfilaments and microtubules
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What are two functions of the cytoskeleton?
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movement and structure
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organelles that help with cell division by attaching to the spindle fibers that move the chromosomes
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centrioles
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the dense area of cytoplasm around the centrioles
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centrosome
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transport membranes in a eukaryotic cell
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ER - endoplasmic reticulum
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What are the two types of ER, and what is the difference in structure and function?
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rough ER - studded with ribosomes - transports protein
smooth ER - no ribosomes - transports lipids |
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organelle that processes and packages chemicals in a eukaryotic cell
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Golgi apparatus
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Name three organelles made by the Golgi.
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lysosomes, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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digestion of food, breakdown of materials like worn out cells or cell parts
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What is the function of secretory vesicles?
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to let chemicals out of a cell
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Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have lots of membranes inside them?
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increase surface area for more reaction space
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the term for the membranes in a chloroplast
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thylakoid membranes
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a stack of thylakoid membranes in a chloroplast
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granum (plural = grana)
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the fluid in a chloroplast
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stroma
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the half of photosynthesis that uses energy from the sun to split water and release oxygen
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light-dependent reactions
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the half of photosynthesis which doesn't need light, it converts CO2 into glucose
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light-independent reactions
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other names for the light-independent reactions
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dark reactions
Calvin Cycle |
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the part of a chloroplast where the light-dependent reactions occur
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grana
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the part of a chloroplast where the light-independent reactions occur
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stroma
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the reactant and product of the light reactions
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water - oxygen
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the reactant and product of the light-independent reactions
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carbon dioxide - glucose
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Give three examples of extensions from the cell membrane.
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microvilli, cilia, flagella
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What is the function of microvilli?
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increase the surface area for absorption and secretion
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What is the function of cilia?
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sweep materials along the surface of the cell or cell movement
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What is the function of flagella?
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cell movement
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What is the only human cell with a flagellum?
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sperm
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Where in the body do we find lots of microvilli? What is their purpose?
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digestive tract - to absorb as many nutrients as possible from digested food
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Where in the body do we find many cilia? What is their purpose?
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air passages - to sweep materials from the air you are breathing and prevent stuff from getting into the lungs
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What is the importance of lipids in the cell membrane?
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barrier to water
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What are 4 functions of proteins in a cell membrane?
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transport channels for facilitated diffusion
ion pumps for active transport ID tags for white blood cells to recognize connection to other cells to make tissues |
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the movement of any material from a high to a low concentration
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diffusion
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the diffusion of water
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osmosis
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diffusion through special protein channels
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facilitated diffusion
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when the cell membrane surrounds and engulfs something to bring it into a cell
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endocytosis
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what is formed by endocytosis
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food vacuole
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What fuses with a food vacuole to digest it?
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lysosome
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What are the two types of endocytosis, and what does each bring into a cell?
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phagocytosis - solids
pinocytosis - liquids and small dissolved materials |
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when an area has a higher solute concentration
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hypertonic
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when an area has a lower solute concentration
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hypotonic
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if two areas have equal concentration
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isotonic
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diffusion occurs until what is achieved?
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dynamic equilibrium
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What happens at dynamic equilibrium?
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particles move evenly both directions
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What causes passive transport?
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kinetic theory of matter - particles are in constant motion
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How do particles move?
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straight line until hit something and bounce off
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Why don't plant cells rupture as easily as animal cells?
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Plants have a cell wall.
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What process do white blood cells use to eat germs?
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endocytosis
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a group of cells working together to perform a specific function
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tissue
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a group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
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organ
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a group of organs working together to perform a specific function
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organ system
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Name the four major tissue types in the human body.
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epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
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Name 3 organs.
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heart, liver, lungs
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Name the body's organ systems.
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integumentary (skin)
skeletal muscular nervous digestive respiratory cardiovascular endocrine lymphatic reproductive |
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a color
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pigment
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the green pigment in plants responsible for trapping light
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chlorophyll
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a yellow-orange pigment
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carotene
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a brown/black pigment
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melanin
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adenine, ribose and three phosphates, usable energy in a cell
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ATP - adenosine triphosphate
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adenine, ribose and two phosphates, partially used energy in a cell
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ADP - adenosine diphosphate
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another name for a producer
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autotroph
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another name for a consumer
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heterotroph
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two ways autotrophs make food
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photosynthesis - light
chemosynthesis - chemicals |
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Give three factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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temperature
light intensity raw materials - CO2 and H2O |
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pores in a plant
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stomata
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cells that control the opening and closing of the pores
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guard cells
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the energy value in food - raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius
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calorie
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the passing of electrons from one molecule to another
a chemical that gets an electron from one molecule and gives it to another |
electron transport -
electron carrier |
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adenine, ribose and three phosphates, usable energy in a cell
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ATP - adenosine triphosphate
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adenine, ribose and two phosphates, partially used energy in a cell
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ADP - adenosine diphosphate
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another name for a producer
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autotroph
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another name for a consumer
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heterotroph
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two ways autotrophs make food
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photosynthesis - light
chemosynthesis - chemicals |
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1000 calories, a kilocalorie
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Calorie
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respiration in the presence of oxygen
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aerobic
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respiration without oxygen
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anaerobic
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What are two advantages of aerobic respiration?
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more energy and less waste
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What two materials are made as a waste of complete aerobic respiration, and how are they released from the body?
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water and CO2 are exhaled
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What is another term for anaerobic respiration?
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fermentation
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What are the two types of fermentation?
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lactic acid fermentation
alcohol fermentation |
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What does lactic acid do to our body?
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makes muscles tired and sore
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when muscles can no longer respond even with neural stimulation
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fatigue
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What is fermentation used for in industry?
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bread making, alcohol production, yogurt, pickles, some cheeses
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the initial part of respiration
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glycolysis
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what does glycolysis do?
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breaks glucose into 2 pyruvic acids
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Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
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cytoplasm
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Where in the cell does aerobic respiration occur?
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mitochondrion
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What are 2 major reasons why a cell gets too big and needs to divide?
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nucleus can't control too big a cell - the membrane isn't big enough to feed and excrete wastes from a bigger cell
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the cell membrane area
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surface area
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the space occupied by a cell
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volume
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what happens to the surface to volume ratio as a cell gets bigger
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ratio decreases and cell can't get enough food or remove enough wastes
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Give the surface area, volume and surface-to-volume ratio of a 3cm cube.
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surface area = 54 square cm
volume = 27 cubic cm ratio = 2:1 |
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rod-shaped pieces of DNA in eukaryotic cells
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chromosomes
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How many chromosomes do human cells contain?
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46
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Name the three parts of interphase, and tell what happens in each
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G1 - growth to reach full size
S - DNA replication G2 - growth to prepare for mitosis |
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Why do cells spend most of their time in interphase?
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This is when the cells are doing their job to keep the organism alive.
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DNA in a cell that is not dividing, not coiled and less visible
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chromatin
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the two halves of a replicated chromosome
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sister chromatids
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What holds sister chromosomes together?
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centromere
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What 4 things happen in prophase?
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chromatin becomes chromosomes
spindle forms nuclear envelope dissolves nucleolus dissolves |
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What phase of mitosis is opposite prophase?
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telophase
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the two cells made by mitosis
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daughter cells
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What happens to change chromatin into chromosomes?
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coiling around proteins called histones
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a disease of uncontrolled cell division
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cancer
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a mass of abnormal cells
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tumor
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a tumor that won't spread
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benign
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a tumor that is cancerous and will spread
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malignant
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chemicals that control the cell cycle
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cyclins
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the spreading of a cancer
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metastasis
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when cells touch each other and stop dividing
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contact inhibition
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programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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a gene associated with cancer
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p53
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3 treatments for cancer
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surgery
radiation chemotherapy |
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cells that can form other cells
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stem cells
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What is the potential for stem cells?
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cure diseases and injuries
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What term means that a cell can become any other type of cell?
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totipotent
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