Cell Transport

Front 1

What do membrane proteins do?

Back 1

-hold cells together
-allow things through

Front 2

What are the different kinds of membrane proteins?

Back 2

-adhesion protein
-receptor protein
-recognition protein--identificaton (ie: antigens)
-transporter protein--allow things from outside of cell into the cell
-communication protein

Front 3

What are the two different kinds of transport proteins?

Back 3

-Passive and Active

Front 4

What is passive transport?

Back 4

-doesn't require energy inputs
-solutes diffuse through a channel inside the protein's interior
-net movement is down concentration gradient

Front 5

What is active transport?

Back 5

-requires ATP
-protein is an ATPase pump
-pumps solute against its concentration gradient

Front 6

The semipermeable membrane allows:

Back 6

O2, CO2,
and other small, nonpolar
molecules; some water
molecules

Front 7

The semipermeable membrane doesn't allow

Back 7

glucose and other large, polar,
water-soluable molecules; ions,
water molecules

Front 8

What does diffuse mean?

Back 8

The motion of molecues from a high concentration to a low concentration. (movement is always down or within the gradient)

Front 9

Name a solution, solvent, and solute in a living system.

Back 9

Saltwater=solution
Solvent=water
Solute=salt

Front 10

What is the concentration gradient?

Back 10

The # of molecules or ions in one region is different from the # in the another region

Front 11

What is a down gradient?

Back 11

In the absence of other forces, a substance moves from a region where it is more concentrated to one where it’s less concentrated - “down” gradient

Front 12

What is diffusion?

Back 12

The net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient

Front 13

Although molecules collide randomly in diffusion....:

Back 13

The net movement is away from the place with the most collisions (down gradient)

Front 14

What is dynamic equilibrium?

Back 14

Everything is balanced, but there is still movement

Front 15

What is static equilibrium?

Back 15

Everything is stable

Front 16

What is osmosis?

Back 16

The diffusion of water(not other substances) from higher to lower concentration(down the water concentration gradient)

Front 17

What is tonicity?

Back 17

The relative solute concentrations in one solution compound compared to another solution

Front 18

What does hypertonic mean?

Back 18

The grater relative concentration of solute

Front 19

What does hyptonic mean?

Back 19

The smaller relative concentration of solute

Front 20

What does isotonic mean?

Back 20

The equal concentration of solute in 2 solutions

Front 21

What does lyses mean?

Back 21

To split

Front 22

What happens if you put a red blood in a hypotonic solution?

Back 22

It gets lysed and it blows up

Front 23

What happens if you put a red blood in a hypertonic solution?

Back 23

It shrivels

Front 24

What happens if you put a red blood in an isotonic solution?

Back 24

Nothing; it remains normal

Front 25

What is turgor pressure in plants?

Back 25

Osmotic pressure of water pushing the membrane against the cell.....causes plant to stop wilting

Front 26

What happens if a plant is in an isotonic state?

Back 26

FLACCID

Front 27

What happens if a plant is in a hypotonic state?

Back 27

TURGID(normal)

Front 28

What happens if a plant is in a hypertonic state?

Back 28

PLASMOLYZED

Front 29

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

Back 29

-Steepness of the Concentration Gradient
+Steeper gradient, faster diffusion
-Molecular Size
+Smaller molecules, faster diffusion
-Temperature
+Higher temperature, faster diffusion
-Electrical or pressure gradients

Front 30

What are the three kinds of fluid pressure?

Back 30

Hydrostatic pressure
Turgor pressure
Osmotic pressure

Front 31

What are the roles of a transport protein?

Back 31

Span the lipid bilayer
Interior is able to open to both sides
Change shape when they interact with solute
Move water-soluble substances across a membrane

Front 32

Diffusion of one solute....?

Back 32

The membrane has pores large enough for molecules of dye to pass through. The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated(called diffusing down a concentration gradient). This leads to a dynamic equilibrium. The solute molecules continue to cross the membrane, but at equal rates in both directions.

Front 33

Diffusion of two solutes....?

Back 33

Solutions of two different dyes are separated by a membrane that is permeable to both. Each dye diffuses down its own concentration gradient. There will be a net diffusion of the orange dye toward the left even though the total sole concentration was initially greater on the left side.

Front 34

Describe osmosis.

Back 34

Two sugar solutions of different concentrations are separated by a porous membrane that is permeable to the solvent(water) but not to the solute(sugar). Water diffuses from the less concentrated (hypotonic) solution to the more concentrated (hypertonic) solution. This passive transport of water, or osmosis, reduces the difference in sugar concentrations.

Front 35

2% sucrose solution example:

Back 35

Hypotonic: Distilled Water
Hypertonic: 10% sucrose solution
Isotonic: 2% sucrose solution

Front 36

NEMO EXAMPLE:

Back 36

If Nemo is flushed down the toilet, he will swell with water, and his cells will lyse. He will try to dilute the water, and will eventually die.

Front 37

CABBAGE EXAMPLE:

Back 37

-You put salt on the outside of the cabbage, so the solution on the outside is hypertonic (with salt). So what has to happen to balance it out is that water has to leave the cabbage and go to dilute the salt so that they can be isotonic.
Thus the cabbage becomes less crisp

Front 38

CABBAGE EXAMPLE(formal):

Back 38

Osmosis: When you sprinkle salt on cabbage leaves and then exert pressure on them, you'll notice that the leaves become limp and the bottle begins to fill with liquid. Just what is going on here? Liquid inside the cells of the cabbage leaves is flowing out of the cells in response to the salt, a phenomenon called osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of fluid through a membrane in order to create an equal concentration of dissolved solids (salt, in this case) in the fluid on either side of the membrane. When you salt a cabbage leaf, you create a difference in salt concentration — higher outside the cabbage leaf and lower inside the cells. In order to equalize the salt concentration, water from inside the cabbage leaf cells will exit through the cell membranes. The water will continue to flow out of the cells until there is an equal concentration of salt in the fluids on either side of the cell wall, or until the cell is completely dehydrated.

Front 39

More Osmosis:

Back 39

Sugar molecules can't pass through pores, but water molecules can. The membrane doesn't allow the solute to the other side, the only way to make it isotonic is to change the volume

Front 40

What's the word you want to see on products to ensure safety?

Back 40

ISOTONIC

Front 41

What happens when you gargle?

Back 41

You gather all the bacteria in the water of your mouth and kill them.

Front 42

What does each solute have?

Back 42

It's own concentration gradient (independent of eachother)

Front 43

What is diffusion?

Back 43

Hydrophobic molecules and (at a slow rate) very small uncharged polar molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Front 44

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 44

Hydrophilic substances, including water molecules, diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins

Front 45

What is active transport?

Back 45

Some transport proteins act as pumps, moving substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients. Energy for this work is usually supplied by ATP.

Front 46

What is passive transport?

Back 46

Substances diffuse spontaneously down their concentration gradients, crossing a membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cell.
KINETIC ENERGY

Front 47

What is phagocytosis?

Back 47

A cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging it within a membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be classified as a vacuole. The particle is digested after the vacuole fuses with a lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes.

Front 48

What is pinocytosis?

Back 48

The cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles. It is not the fluid itself that is needed by the cell, but the molecules dissolved in the droplet. Because any and all included solutes are taken into the cell, pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances it transports.