Cell Theory And Biology Of Cell

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coined theterm cell while looking at a slice of cork and described them as tiny boxes or honeycomb

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1665 Robert Hooke

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used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single cell organisms he called animalcules

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1673Anton van Leeuwenhoek-

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concluded that allplants are made up of cells

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1838- Matthias Schleiden

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stated that allanimal tissues are composed of cells

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1839 -Theodor Schwann

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concluded that cellsmust arise from preexisting cells

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1858- Rudolf Virchow

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The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory

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1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann, 1838-1839)

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things (Schleiden & Schwann, 1838-39)

3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow, 1858)

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Random cell facts

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• The average human being is composed of around 100 trillion individual cells

It would take as many as 50 cell to cover thearea of a dot on the letter (i)

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Modern Cell Theory

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Includes 4 statements, on top of the original Cell Theory:

1) The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) that is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.

2) All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities.

3) All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells

4) Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell

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basic structural and functional unit of allorganisms where constant exchange of matter within and between the cells is in the process of living.

• The events occurring in the cell are the basis of growth, reproduction, heredity and embryology of an organism.

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Cells

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the cell and theorganism are one

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In unicellular organism

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the cells areintegrated for proper functioning of body parts and starts with a single cell that divides repeatedly to form a body.

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In the multi-cellular ones

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begin life as onefertilized cell (sexual reproduction), but the cells multiplied and underwent differentiation (changed structure & function) to become many different kinds of cells

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Multicellular organisms

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a large moleculecontaining the hereditary material of the cell

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleicacid)

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DNA existsas a single loop or chromosome in the cytoplasm

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unicellularorganisms (bacteria)

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DNA is enclosedin a membrane known as the nucleus

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In multicellular organisms

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short segments of DNA the carrythe instructions for a single trait of an organism

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Genes

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T or F?

DNA of a cell contains all of the genes(instructions) it will ever need

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true

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• Integral proteins interact with “lipid bilayer”

– Passive transport pores and channels

– Active transport pumps and carriers

– Membrane-linked enzymes, receptors and transducers

• Sterols stabilize the lipid bilayer

– Cholesterol

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Cell Membrane Composition

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Include the different membranes of eukaryoticcells either related through direct physical continuity or by transfer of segments as tiny vesicles

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Endomembranous system

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Includes nuclear envelope, endoplasmicreticulumm, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vacuoles and plasma membrane.

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Endomembranous system

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most conspicuousorganelle in a eukaryotic cells

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Nucleus

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contains most of thegenes that control the eukaryotic cells (some genes are located in mitochondria and chloroplasts)

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Nucleus

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enclosed by a nuclear envelope separating itscontents from the cytoplasm.

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Nucleus

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Perforated by poreswhere inner and outer membrane of the envelope are fused together in each pore

• Each pore is lined by intricate protein structure (pore complex)

• The nuclear lamina is the inner line of the membrane is a netlike array of protein that maintains the shape of the nucleus.

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Nuclear envelope

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a double membrane,each a lipid bi-layer with associated protein

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Nuclear envelope

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Membranous labyrinth accounting for more than half the total of membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope

• Smooth ER functions in diverse metabolic processes (synthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs and poisons)

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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-center of manufacturing,storage, sorting and shipping

.– Products of ER are modified, stored and then sent to other destinations

– Extensive in cells specialized in secretions.

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Golgi apparatus

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Membrane bound sac ofhydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules

• Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are produced in the rough ER and transferred to golgiapparatus for further processing.

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Lysosomes

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Membrane bound sacwithin the cell and functions differently:

Food vacuoles,contractile vacuoles and a central vacuole generally found in mature plants and part of the endomembrane system

Large vacuole of plant coalesce of smallervacuoles derived from ER and Golgi apparatus

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Vacuole

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− storage of organic compounds, stack filed in seeds

− main repository of inorganic ions (K and Cl)

− disposal sites of metabolic products

− enriched in pigments that color the cells that attract pollinators

− protect the plant against predators

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Plant vacuole is a versatile compartment

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• Sites of cellular respiration, the catabolicprocess that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels with the help of energy.

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Mitochondria

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enclosed in an envelope of 2 membranes, aphospholipid bi-layer, outer smooth membrane and inner convulated infoldings called the cristae

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Mitochondria

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-Sites of photosynthesis

• found only in plants and eukaryotic algae

• Convert solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

.• enriched pigments that give fruits and flowers their orange and yellow hues

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Chloroplasts

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stacked poker-like chips in thethylakoid

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Grana-

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fluid outside the thylakoid

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Stroma

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a network of fibersextending throughout the

cytoplasm the cytoplasm playing a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell

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Cytoskeleton

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provide structural support of the cell andmaintains its shape, especially in animal cells that lack walls

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Cytoskeleton

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a component of structuralfunctions, is critical to cell motility.

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Cytoskeleton

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encloses cell and cellorganelles

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Plasma membrane

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Made of hydrophobic and hydrophillic components

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Plasma membrane