Cell Structure/chapter 3 Microbiology

Front 1

A cell membrane is also called what?

Back 1

A lipid bilayer

Front 2

What are the different molecules found in a cell membrane?

Back 2

glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

Front 3

What are the two main functions of glycoproteins?

Back 3

1) messenger molecules/information carriers

2) adhesion (act like a glue or paste)

Front 4

The different pieces in the phospholipid that can move around are called what?

Back 4

A mosaic model

Front 5

What are considered the cells organs?

Back 5

Organelles

Front 6

This structural unit inside the cell monitors/regulates what goes in and out and controls the genetics of the cell

Back 6

The nucleus

Front 7

The _________is found in the nucleus and makes ribosomes.

Back 7

Nucleolus

Front 8

Ribosomes make what organic molecule?

Back 8

Proteins

Front 9

The organelles are within this cellular material.

Back 9

the cytoplasm

Front 10

This cellular structure is the powerhouse of the cell, it makes ATP by breaking down glucose:

Back 10

Mitochondria

Front 11

What increases the surface are of the mitochondrial membrane?

Back 11

Cristae

Front 12

How does the increase in mitochondrial membrane surface increase the possibility for glucose to breakdown?

Back 12

Because the mitochondrial membrane is where ATP is made.

Front 13

Mitochondrial DNA can only be passed from which parent and why?

Back 13

The mother because the male mitochondria is in the tail of the sperm which gets left behind because only the head enters the egg.

Front 14

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and where is it located?

Back 14

A network of membranous tubules located in the cytoplasm.

Front 15

Rough ER:

Back 15

contains ribosomes, makes: proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

Front 16

Smooth ER:

Back 16

has no ribosomes, makes: lipids and steroids from cholesterol

Front 17

What structure is mainly devoted to processing the proteins synthesized in the rough ER?

Back 17

The Golgi apparatus

Front 18

Before releasing proteins, the rough ER is adding on sugar proteins to make what?

Back 18

glycoproteins

Front 19

The sugar proteins being added on in the rough ER act as what?

Back 19

Address labels, telling glycoproteins where to go (to Golgi apparatus)

Front 20

In the Golgi apparatus:

Back 20

More sugars are being added/taken away and packaged up for its final destination.

Front 21

These organelles are little sacks of digestive enzymes and HCL:

Back 21

Lysosomes

Front 22

These organelles make up the cytoskeleton:

Back 22

microtubules and microfilaments

Front 23

Which organelles are used for locomotion and transport?

Back 23

Cilia and flagella

Front 24

Name all of the organelles:

Back 24

Nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, GA, lysosomes, microtubules, microfilaments, cilia, flagella, and centrioles

Front 25

Name three types of passive transport:

Back 25

1) diffusion: from higher to lower concentration

2) facilitated diffusion: diffusion w/ carrier proteins

3)Osmosis: diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

Front 26

Isotonic solution

Back 26

0.9% salt, for humans

*concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

Front 27

hypotonic solution

Back 27

salt solution less than 0.9%

Front 28

hypertonic solution

Back 28

salt concentration greater than 0.9%

Front 29

In a hypertonic solution water leaves the cell, causing it to shrink, the term for this process is called what?

Back 29

Crenation

Front 30

What is the name for the process similar to crenation but specific to bacteria?

Back 30

plasmolysis

Front 31

Active transport is going from a lower to a higher concentration and requires what two things?

Back 31

Carrier proteins and ATP

Front 32

Name four types of bulk cell transport that require ATP:

Back 32

Endocytosis: enter cell by engulfment

Exocytosis: leaving cell

Pinocytosis: fluids entering cell

Phagocytosis: endocytosis by macrophages

Front 33

When measuring microorganisms what system of measurement do we use?

Back 33

The metric system

Front 34

What is wave length?

Back 34

The distance from one wave to the next.

Front 35

In microscopy what is the term called when you are able to see two items as distinct objects?

Back 35

Resolution

Front 36

What is the spectrum of visible light?

Back 36

400-700nm

Front 37

What determines visible light and the colors we are able to see?

Back 37

wavelengths

*smaller wavelengths are better

* only thing our eyes see are what wavelengths bounce off of actual color

Front 38

710 nm and beyond would be considered what?

Back 38

infrared, which is beyond our visible range of light.

Front 39

UV light runs between _______ to ______nm

Back 39

100-400 nm

Front 40

We cannot see or resolve much below ________ nm.

Back 40

350

Front 41

Name four properties of light:

Back 41

Reflection

Transmission

Absorption

Refraction

Front 42

In reflection:

Back 42

light strikes an object and bounces back

Front 43

In transmission:

Back 43

Light travels through the object

Front 44

In absorption:

Back 44

energy is retained by the object

Front 45

In refraction:

Back 45

Bending of light as it changes speeds

Front 46

List four types of light microscopes:

Back 46

Bright field

Dark field

Phase-contrast

Fluorescence

Front 47

Bright field is:

Back 47

your everyday microscope, light travels up through the slide, up to lens, eye piece, and strikes the retina

Front 48

Dark field:

Back 48

Has a condenser that blocks off part of the light rays, so that they reflect off of specimen at an angle.

Front 49

Phase-conrast:

Back 49

Uses a ring shaped condensor and diffraction plate in the objective lens

Front 50

Fluorescence:

Back 50

Fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes are attached to sample, UV light excites fluorochrome, excites and releases light

Front 51

Which light microscope gives us a light object seen against a dark background and is know for use with light sensitive organisms?

Back 51

Dark field microscopes

Front 52

Which light microscope enhances the differences in internal structure?

Back 52

Phase-conrast microscopes

Front 53

Which light microscope is used to study antigen-antibody interactions?

Back 53

Fluorescence microscopes

Front 54

This particular microscope uses electrons instead of wavelengths and gives us a better view of internal structure:

Back 54

The electron microscope

Front 55

What can be used to slow motility of microorganisms in a wet mount?

Back 55

carboxymethyl cellulose

Front 56

When preparing a smear what is the order in which you would do so?

Back 56

smear, air-dry, heat-fix

Front 57

What does heat-fixing do when working with smears?

Back 57

It kills organisms, causes organisms to stick to slide, and accept dyes more readily

Front 58

What is staining?

Back 58

coloring microorganisms with a dye that emphasizes certain structures

Front 59

What are stains composed of?

Back 59

Stains are salts composed of a positive and a negative ion.

Front 60

Which dyes are cationic (positively charged)?

Back 60

Basic dyes

Front 61

Which dyes are in the negative ion?

Back 61

acidic dyes

Front 62

Basic dyes include:

Back 62

Methylene blue, safranin, carbolfuchsin, crystal violet, and malachite green

Front 63

Basic dyes are attracted to what cell components?

Back 63

negatively charged cell components, particularly membranes

(+ basic dye attracted to bacteria bc they are slightly negative)

Front 64

Acidic dyes are positively charged or negatively charged?

Back 64

Acidic dyes are anionic, meaning they are negatively charged

Front 65

Why do acidic dyes tend to only stain the background of the bacterial smear?

Back 65

Because acidic dyes are not attracted to most types of bacteria because the dye's negative ions are repelled by the negatively charged bacterial surface, so the stain colors the background instead.

Front 66

What is a simple stain?

Back 66

A simple stain is an aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye, which highlights the entire microorganism so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible.

Front 67

What are some common simple stains used in a laboratory?

Back 67

methylene blue, carbolfuchsin, CV, and safranin

Front 68

What is a differential stain?

Back 68

two or more stains, used to distinguish between two or more organisms or cell parts

Front 69

What are the two most frequently used differential stains?

Back 69

The Gram-stain and the acid-fast stain

Front 70

The Gram-stain classifies bacteria into two large groups, what are they called?

Back 70

gram-positive (purple) and gram-negative (red)

Front 71

In a gram stain what is used as the decolorizing agent?

Back 71

Alcohol or an alcohol-acetone solution

Front 72

The Gram reaction of a bacterium can provide valuable information for the treatment of disease, why?

Back 72

This denotes the difference in treatment for the bacterial disease.

gram-positve=vulnerable to antibiotics

gram-negative=resistant to antibiotics

Front 73

What is the specific function of antibiotics?

Back 73

Inhibit protein synthesis

Front 74

Since antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis what does this imply about the gram-positive/negative groups?

Back 74

gram-positive groups must have lots of proteins and gram-negative groups not too many proteins

Front 75

What is the acid-fast stain and its significance?

Back 75

The acid-fast stain binds only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls, its significance is to detect causing strains of mycobacterium.

Front 76

What are the two important pathogens of mycobacterium?

Back 76

tuberculosis and leprosy

Front 77

In the result of an acid-fast stain the bacteria stain what colors?

Back 77

most stain blue and some stain red

Front 78

Mycobacterium contain a wax-like lipid which causes the cell wall to be impermeable to most stains, what is it called?

Back 78

Mycolic acid

Front 79

What is negative staining?

Back 79

it is pretty much capsule staining because sometimes bacteria resist staining due to the tough capsule, therefore it stains the background leaving the organism itself is unstained.

Front 80

What is used in the negative staining?

Back 80

India ink and/or nigrosin

Front 81

What is an endospore stain?

Back 81

The staining of endospores, because they are very resistant to penetration by stains in ordinary staining methods

Front 82

What is the resulting color from the endospore stain?

Back 82

Endospores should be green and cells red