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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of Blood?
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Transport, regulation of pH, osmolarity and temperature, and coagulation.
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What composes blood?
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Formed elements and plasma
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What are the formed elements?
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1. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
2. Leukocytes (WBCs) 3. Platelets (Not Cells) |
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What is the approximate normal range of Hematocrit for men and women?
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Men = 41-53%
Women = 36-46% |
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What is Hematocrit?
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% volume of blood that is RBCs
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What is the buffy coat?
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A layer of WBCs and platlets (~1%)
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What makes up the plasms?
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1. Water (90%)
2. Protein (7%) 3. Inorganic ions (0.9%) 4. Nutrients, blood gases, hormones, etc. |
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What specific proteins make up up the protein component of plasma?
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1. Albumin
2. Globulins 3. Fibrinogen & prothrombin |
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What is the function albumin?
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It increases osmotic pressure and is a carrier protein
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What is the function of fibrinogen and prothrombin?
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Clot formation
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T/F Serum is the same as plasma
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False, It has most of what is in plasma, minus the clotting factors. Also contains factors released from platlets
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What is Serum?
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It is the clear, yellow supernatant after blood coagulates.
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What are the functions of RBCs?
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Transport O2 and CO2
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What is the lifespan of a RBC?
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120 days
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T/F RBCs lack a nucleus, organelles, are biconcave in structure, and are flexible to squeeze through narrow capillaries?
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True
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T/F RBCs spherical shape provides most surface area per volume?
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True
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What are the 3 types of hemoglobin that RBCs are packed with?
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1. Oxyhemoglobin (O2)
2. Carbaminohemoglobin (CO2) 3 Carboxyhemoglobin (CO) |
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Which one of the 3 types of hemoglobin irreversibly binds?
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Carboxyhemoglobin
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How is CO2 carried in the blood?
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As CO2 and HCO3- (maintains pH)
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What are reticulocytes?
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They are immature RBCs that have lost their nucleus but not all of their ribosomes
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What are sickle cells?
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RBCs that are rigid, fragile and short lived as a result of aggregates of mutated hemoglobin which distorts the cell shape
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Name 4 other variants of RBCs
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1. Macrocytes (low folic acid)
2. Microcytes (low iron) 3. Anisocytosis 4. Hereditary spherocytosis (Mutated cytoskeleton, lacks pale center) |
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What is anemia?
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reduced hemoglobin content usually due to ↓ # of RBCs (caused by low B12 , low iron)
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What is erythrocytosis (polycythemia)?
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↑ # of RBCs (high hematocrit)
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What are leukocytes?
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WBCs (~1% of BCs)
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What is Diapedesis or extravasation?
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Process of WBCs leaving the blood and infiltrating tissues and becoming an amoeboid
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What are the 2 general classes of Leukocytes?
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1. Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear)
2. Agranulocytes (mononuclear) |
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What is the name of the 3 granulocytes?
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
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1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes |
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T/F All leukocytes have non-specific granules?
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True
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What are the characteristics of neutrophils?
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-1800-7700/microliter
-50-70% of leukocytes 12-15 micrometers in diameter -Nucleus=2-5 lobes -few mitochondria -Short lived -Active phagocytes -First leukocytes to extravasate in response to an infection or injury |
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What is the half life and life span of a neutrophil?
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1/2 life = 6-7 days
Lifespan = 1-4 days |
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What does lysozyme do?
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Cleaves bonds in the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria
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What does lactoferrin do?
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Avidly binds iron; a crucial element in bacterial nutrition
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What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?
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-1-3% of leukocytes (600/microliter)
-usually bilobed, sometimes trilobed -12-15 microns on slide -granules do not overly nucleus |
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What is eosinophilia?
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An in the number of eosinophils in blood because of an allergic reaction or helminthic (parasitic) infection.
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What are 2 functions of eosinophils?
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1. Surround parasitic worms and kill them
2. Down-regulate inflammation |
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What is the function of arylsulfatase and histaminase?
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Both which are produced by eosinophils, inactivate the leukotrienes and histamine produced by other cells
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What are the characteristics of basophils?
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-0.3% of leukocytes (<200/microliter)
-12-15 microns -Irregular lobed nucleus -Large specific granules that overlie the nucleus |
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What are the names of the specific granules of basophils?
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1. Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
2. Heparin 3. Histamine 4. Peroxidase 5. Leukotrienes |
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T/F Basophils are similar to, but not the same cell as, mast cells in allergic responses?
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True, like mast cells, basophils bind IgE antibodies to acquire specificity for allergens
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Describe the characteristics of agranulocytes.
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-PBMCs: Peripheral Blood Mono (morpho) nuclear Cells
-Nuclei are not segmented, but may have irregular shape -No specific granules, do have azurophilic granules Lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Describe the characteristics of lymphocytes.
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-18-42% of leukocytes (1000-4800/microlater)
-Size and morphology depends on activation state -Small (6-8 microns) (90%) -Medium to large (15-30 microns) |
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Name the 3 lymphocytes that function in the immune system.
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1. T-lymphocytes (T-cells) (60-80%)
2. B lymphocytes (B-cells) (20-30%) 3. Natural killer lymphocytes (NK Cells) (>10%) |
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What is the function of T cells?
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1. Cell-mediated immunity
2. B-cell activation |
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What is the function of B-cells?
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1. Humoral immune system
2. Precursors to antibody-producing plasma cells |
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What is the function of NK cells?
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To kill certain virus-infected cells and some tumor cells.
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What are the characteristics of monocytes?
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-2-8% of leukocytes (<900/mL)
-Large, 12-20 microns -Nucleus: shape varies -Chromatin: less condensed than in lymphocytes, delicate -Cytoplasm: basophilic Lifespan in blood = 3 days |
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What are the functions of monocytes?
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1. Precursor cells for mononuclear phagocytotic system (MPS)
2. Monocyte-derived cells are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, bacterial phagocytosis, wound healing, bone resorption, debris removal. |
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How do monocytes help in wound healing?
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By releasing cytokines and growth factors.
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What are the characteristics of platlets (thrombocytes)?
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-cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes
-2-4 micron diameter disk-like structures -life span = 10 days -150,000-400,000 per microliter |
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What are the 3 types of granules that are released and induce clot formation when vessel walls are injured?
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1. alpha granules
2. delta granules 3. gamma granules |
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What is the function of alpha granules?
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Vessel repair, coagulation, aggregation (fibrinogen, coagulation, platelet-derived growth factor)
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What is the function delta granules?
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Adhesion, vasodilation (ADP, ATP, serotonin, histamine)
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What is the function of gamma granules?
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Clot resorption (lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes)
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What are the 2 parts of bone marrow and what do they include?
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1. Red-abundant blood forming cells and adipocytes
2. Yellow-predominantly fat |
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What color is bone marrow in newborns?
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Red
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What color is bone marrow in adults and where does hematopoiesis occur?
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Yellow. Hematopoiesis is confined to the axial skeleton, pelvis and epiphyses of long bones.
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T/F Yellow marrow can revert to red if more cells are needed?
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True (constant bleeding, hypoxia)
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What 2 things are found in the hematopoietic cells?
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1. Hematopoietic cells
2. Macrophages |
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What is the stroma?
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Scaffold of reticular cells and reticular fibers
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What things are found in red bone marrow?
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1. Hematopoietic cords
2. Stroma 3. Sinusoidal capillaries |
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What are the characteristics of sinusoidal capillaries?
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-Discontinuous endothelial cell wall
-Reinforced by reticular cells and fibers -Red & white blood cells pass through pores in the sinusoid wall cells -Platlets are formed in the sinusoid lumen |
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What are 2 types of potencies seen in stem cells?
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1. Pluripotent cells
2. Multipotent cells |
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What are charateristics of stem cells?
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-pluripotent or mulitpotent
-Capable of self-renewal -low mitotic activity -few in bone marrow and fewer in blood -CFU----CFC? |
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What are the 2 lineages from pluriptential stem cells?
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1. Multipotent lymphoid "stem" cell (CFU-L)
2. Multipotent myeloid "stem" cell (CFU-GEMM) |
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What are the characteristics of common lymphoid progenitor cells?
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-Develop into lymphocytes, NK cells, some dendritic cells
-Early in their development, migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid structures where they proliferate |
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What are the characteristics of common myeloid progenitor cells?
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-Develop into granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes, mast cells, and some dendritic cells
-Develop in bone marrow |
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Macrophages from what 3 organs ingest senescent RBCs?
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Spleen, bone marrow and liver
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T/F Globin is hydrolyzed to amino acids?
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True
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Explain what happens to heme in hemoglobin recycling.
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-Heme iron is trapped for reuse-complexed in ferritin and hemosiderin
-The rest of the heme is degraded to bilirubin which is transported to the liver and excreted in bile via the gallbladder. |
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What is jaundice?
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Excessive bilirubin which results in a yellow appearance of the sclera of the eye and the skin.
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What causes excessive bilirubin?
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1. Massive hemolysis due to mismatched blood transfusion
2. Hemolytic anemias 3. Inefficiency of newborn liver |
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Name some circulating hormones and and local factors that provide feedback regulation of cell formation.
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1. Colony stimulating factors
2. Interleukins 3. Erythropoietin |
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Name 3 CSFs and what they affect.
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1. GM-CSF: granulocytes, macrophages
2. M-CSF: macrophages 3. G-CSF: granulocytes |
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Name 3 interleukins and what they affect.
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1. IL-3: Most CFUs
2. IL-6: granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes 3. IL-11: granulocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes |
