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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotic
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Domains bacteria and archaea
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eukaryote
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Fungi, algae and protozoa
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Viruses
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Acellular- no metabolismDna or rna genetic material Obligate intercellular parasites
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Bacteria average size
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.3-2 um
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Do bacteria have petodoglycan in there cell wall?
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Peptidoglycan present
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Cytoplasmic structures of bacteria
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they don’t have mitochondria chloroplast but they do have a cytoskeleton
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Where are bacteria found
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in environments that are not extreme
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Archaea average size
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.3-2 um
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Do archaea have a nuclear membrane ?
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NO
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Do archaea have peptidoglycan in there cell wall?
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No peptidoglycan present
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cytoplasmic structures in archaea bacteria ?
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no mitochondria, cytoplast and cytoskeleton
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What environment are archaea bacteria found in
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in all environments Extreme environments
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Average size of Eukarya ?
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2-20 um or 5-50 um
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Do Eukarya have a nuclear membrane ?
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yes
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Does the cell wall have peptidoglycan in Eukarya ?
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no
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The cytoplasmic structures in eukarya cells
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Mitochondria, in plants and algal cells chloroplast and a cytoskeleton
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Where do eukarya cells found
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In environments that are not extreme
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Cell division of prokaryotes
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Binary fission
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Where is the chromosome located of prokaryotes
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nucleoid
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Is the cytoplasmic membrane asymmetrical or symmetrical prokaryotes
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Symmetrical
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Dna of prokaryotes is what shape
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circular
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The flagella of prokaryotes
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Composed of proteins subunits attached to the cell envelope
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The ribosome of prokaryotes?
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70s which is made up of 50s and 30 s
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Protein secretion of prokaryotes?
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Secretion system transport proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane
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Ribosome of eukaryotes
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80s which is made up of 60 s and 40s subunits
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Nanometers to meters
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10^-9
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Micrometers to meters
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10^-6
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Millimeters to meters
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10^-3
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Ecoli average size ?
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1-2 microns
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Bacillus average size
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5-10 microns
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yeast cell average size ?
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7-10 microns
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The smallest prokaryote is ?
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Mycoplasma = .1-.3 um or Nanoarchaeum equitans (.350-.5 um)
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Which is the longest bacteria
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Epulopiscium fishelsoni
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Which is the largest bacteria due to volume
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Thiomargarita namibiensis
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Smallest eukaryote
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1 um
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Viruses size are about ?
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50-250 nm
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Rhinovirus size ?
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30- 50 nm
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Hiv size?
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100-125 nm
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Herpes size ?
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125-150nm
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Smallpox size ?
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200-250 nm
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Mimivirus size ?
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500-750 nm
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Pandoravirus size ?
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> 750 nm
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Bacteria plasma membrane
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Lipid bilayer lack cholesterol in there membrane may contain hopanoids
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What is the only bacteria that has cholesterol in there membrane ?
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Mycoplasma
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Do eukaryotes have Cholesterol in there membrane
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Yes
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What is an integral protein
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Its associated with the lipid bilayer Extracted with detergent
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Transmembrane protiens
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Transport protiens
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Peripheral protiens
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Bond to polar lipid heads
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Function of the cell membrane in eukaryotes
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Selective barrier--prevents leakage holds cytoplasm transport system receptors metabolic processes generate energy Electric potential Negative charge in Positive charge out Proton-motive force (OH- in, H+ out) |
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How does the cell membrane generate atp?
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Through proton motive force There is a difference in charges inside the cell and out side the cell Water dissociates and the H+ is pushed across the cell membrane creating an electrical potential that is measured in voltages
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where is bacteria cytoskeleton located
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its located in the cytoplasm
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Ftsz protein function ?
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related to tublin in eukaryotes monomers form z- ring aids in cell division
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Mreb protein function?
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Similar to action filaments Seen in non spherical filaments Provides structure
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Which proteins are part of the cytoskeleton
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Mreb and ftsf and Creb
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What do carrier proteins do
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they allow nutrients inside the cell goes against the conc. Gradient max rate of solute entering the cell more nutrients are able to pass at a faster rate then simple diffusion
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the cell envelope in bacteria ?
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is made up of the cell membrane peptidoglycan and an outer membrane in gram negative bacteria and an s layer
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the cell wall
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is a single interlinked moleculeforms a 3d structure - sacculus composed of murein
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the function of peptidoglycan
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shape and strengthprotection against toxins and osmotic pressure pathogenicity
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petidoglycan consist of which two sugars
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nam and nag
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which amino acids does bacteria cell consist of ?
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D,L
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Do Mycoplasm have a cell wall
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No
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How is the peptidoglycan attached to the outer membrane
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Braun lipoprotein
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In gram positive the peptidoglycan is connected to the cytoplasmic membrane by what ?
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Lipoteichoic acid
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Name the parts of a gram positive cell starting from the cytoplasmic layer
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Cell membraneGel-like materialPeptodoglycanTo teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid which connects the peptidoglycan to the cell membrane
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Name the parts of a gram negative starting from the cytoplasmic membrane
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Cytoplasmic membrane Transport proteinsPeriplasm Peptidoglycan Braunlipoprotein Outer memebrane Porin proteins Lps
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Name the parts of the lypolysaccaride
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O antigen Core polysaccharide Lipid A
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What does the o antigen consist of
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contains hexoses and unusual sugars
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What does the core contains
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Nag, glucose ,galactose , kdo
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Lipid a is what
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It’s a endotoxin
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Where is lysosome found
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Found in egg whites Found in phagolysosomes in eukaryotes
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The effect of lysosome on bacteria
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Cleaves the bonds between nam and nag causing the removal of the peptidoglycan layer
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What is a protoplast
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Gm positive cell with peptidoglycan removed
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What is a spheroplast
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Gm negative cell with peptidoglycan removed
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What happens to bacteria with out peptidoglycan
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They would burst unless cells are maintained in isosmotic solution
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Isotonic
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Equal water movement
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Hypotonic
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Water moves into the cell of the cell wall is strong it contains the swelling if the cell wall is week it bursts
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Hypertonic
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Water moves outside the cell causing the cytoplasmic to shrink plasmolysis
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Gram staining steps
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Crystal violet iodine Alcohol safranin
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Glycocalyx
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Attachment to substrate, host, other cellsNot required for growthProtection of cell from host, desiccation, viruses, toxinsConsists of polysaccharide or protein containing D-amino acids
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Glycocalyx types
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Capsule and slime
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Capsule layer
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Capsule has rigid layers that exclude small particles
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Slime layer
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Slime layer is less organized; does not exclude small particles
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Example of capsule bacteria
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BacillusN. meningitidisAcinetobacterRhizobiumBacteroides
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Example of slime bacteria
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PseudomonasEikenellaBurkholderia
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Example of bacteria that have both slime and capsule
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Strep. pneumoniaeRickettsiaeRhodopseudomonas
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Monotrichous
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1 hair
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Amphitrichous
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both /end
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Lophotrichous
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tuft
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Peritrichous
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perimeter
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Bacterial movement
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Flagella -most commonGliding on solid surfacesGas vesicleschemotaxis: movement toward or away from a chemical (receptors)phototaxis, magnetotaxis, etc
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Pili
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transfer of DNA (“mating”)attachment of pathogens(adhesin) located on tipallows binding to host cell receptorsreceptors for certain viruses
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Endospores are found in what type of bacteria
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gram +
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Example of bacteria that have endospores
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ClostridiumsppBacillusspp.Sporosarcinaspp
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