Cell Structure

Front 1

Intrinsic / integral proteins

Back 1

These proteins span the thickness of the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane.

Front 2

Extrinsic / peripheral proteins

Back 2

These proteins are only located on inner and outer surface. (They do not span the entire thickness of a plasma membrane.)

Front 3

Glycoproteins

Back 3

Proteins in the lipid bilayer with attached sugar groups

Front 4

Passive diffusion

Back 4

Solute moving down its concentration gradient (high to low concentration) requiring no carrier.

Front 5

Facillitated diffusion

Back 5

Diffusion with a carrier protein specific for the solute.

Front 6

Endocytosis

Back 6

Pseudopodia engulf large molecules.

Front 7

Exocytosis

Back 7

Vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane.

Front 8

Phagocytosis

Back 8

Endocytosis of foreign material, dead cells, old organelles.

Front 9

Pinocytosis

Back 9

Uptake of extracellular fluid.

Front 10

Nucleus

Back 10

Defines the eukaryotic cell.

Most prominent feature of most cells.

Considered the control center of the cell.

Surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a double membrane with the outer layer continuous with the ER.

Both membranes are pierced with holes or nuclear pore complexes (large protein complexes with a central channel).

Two main internal structures: chromatin and nucleoli.

Front 11

What is Chromatin?

Back 11

Ribbon-like twists of DNA molecules in the nucleus of the interphase.

Chromatin = equal parts DNA and protein.

Front 12

Histone

Back 12

Chromatin protein consists of two types: histones and nonhistone proteins

Histones are small, basic proteins rich in arginine and lysine.

Front 13

What are the five basic histone proteins?

Back 13

5 basic histone proteins: H1, H2a, H2b, H3 and H4

Front 14

Where does phosphorylation occur in the Gogli Apparatus. (____ region, face)

Back 14

Cis region (Cis face). Outer side.

Front 15

Where does Glycosylation occur in the Gogli Apparatus?

Back 15

Middle Regions

Front 16

Where does product sorting occur in the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 16

Trans region.

Front 17

What is the plastid in charge of doing within the cell?

Back 17

Photosynthesis, and the storing of products (like starch)

Front 18

Name the forms of plastids, and their functions.

Back 18

Chloroplasts (for photosynthesis - so the plant can make its own food [also give plants their green color]), amyloplasts (for starch storage), chromoplasts (for pigment synthesis and storage), leucoplasts (for monoterpene synthesis), and elaioplasts (for storing fat).

Front 19

What are chloroplasts made of?

Back 19

Lipid and Protein Membranes

Front 20

The Central Vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the ____________.

Back 20

Tonoplast

Front 21

What are the main functions of the vacuole (besides stability)?

Back 21

Intracellular digestion - absorbing water, storing proteings, and storing ions.

Also releases waste products of metabolism, and toxic materials, and exports unwanted materials.

Front 22

What key function does a vacuole play in a plant cell's stability?

Back 22

The vacuoles are such a large part of the plant cell, they determine the cell size, and turgor pressure. (When well watered, the vacuoles within a plant cell collect the water. If the plant is not watered, the vacuoles reduce, causing the plant to wilt.)

Front 23

What does the Cell Wall do for a Plant Cell?

Back 23

Protects the cell, and maintains its shape - also directs the cell growth and overall architecture of the plant.

Front 24

What is the Cell Wall made of?

Back 24

Carbohydrates - mainly cellulose microfibrils.

Pectin (a polysaccharide) is a natural substance that thickens the cell wall.

Front 25

Transcription and Translation

Back 25

DNA template for RNA; same as parent but uses urasine instead of guanosine.

RNA to protien; a sequence of ribonucleotides to make a sequence of amino acids.

Front 26

Where is chlorophyll found?

Back 26

It is embedded in the thylakoid within chloroplasts.

Front 27

What two organelles contain their own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes?

Back 27

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.

Front 28

What organelle is the ER continous with?

Back 28

The nucleus.

Front 29

Some protiens are made in the RER and move through the SER then where do they go?

Back 29

To the golgi for phosphoralysation and glycosation then packed into vesicles, some with special protiens to bond to specific membranes.

Front 30

What is Clathrin?

Back 30

Clathrin is the recognition protien involved in fusing new vesicles.

Front 31

Acid Hydrolase is made by ribosomes and destin for what type of organelle.

Back 31

Lysosomes. Acid Hydrolase is only activated in highly acidic environments and it can break any macromolecule into its separated monomer form.

Front 32

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

Back 32

Builds lipids.
Processes carbohydrates. Detoxifies chemicals that are toxic to the cell (alcohol and drugs).

Also responsible for the uptake and discharge of calcium to mediate some types of cellular action.

Front 33

What is a ribosome?

Back 33

A cell structure that uses genetic information that is in the RNA to bond a specific succession of amino acids into chains to form proteins.

Front 34

What makes Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum rough (as opposed to smooth)?

Back 34

Rough ER contains ribosomes on its exterior which help function in the synthesis of proteins.
(Rough ER also produces new cell membranes.)

Front 35

1. What is the membrane bilayer of the nucleus called?

2. What is the space in between the two layers called?

Back 35

2. Nuclear envelope.

2. Perinuclear space.

Front 36

Where is Chlorophyll located, what does it do, and what is this process called?

Back 36

Chlorophyll is located inside of the thylakoid.

It converts solar energy into chemical energy (ATP).

This process is called photophosphorylation.

Front 37

What organelle is responsible for digesting the cell once the cell's programmed "death" time comes.

Back 37

Lysosome.

Front 38

Where are lysosomes created and grown?

Back 38

The Golgi Apparatus.

Front 39

Where are peroxisomes created and grown?

Back 39

The Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Front 40

What is the outer membrane of the Mitochandria constructed of?

Back 40

50% phospholipids and 50% enzymes.

Front 41

What happens on the folds (cristae) of the inner membrane of the mitochandria?

Back 41

Sugar is combined with oxygen and converted to ATP.

Front 42

What is the plasma membrane of the cell primarily made up of?

Back 42

Phospholipids and cholesterol.

Front 43

What do the proteins in the lipid bilayer of the cell's membrane do?

Back 43

Function as transporters, receptors, cell identity, enzymes, linkers/anchors.

Front 44

Is diffusion a relatively fast or slow process?

Back 44

Slow, very sow.

Front 45

What are ion channels?

Back 45

Ion channels are small proteins with a passageway in the membrane of organelles and cells.

Certain channels, Gate Channels, are blocked except when “opened” by chemical (phosphorylation) or electrical stimulus.

Front 46

1. Does active transport require energy?

2. Does the solute move up or down the concentration gradient?

Back 46

1. Yes, it requires ATP.

2. It moves up the concentration gradient (Low to High Concentration).