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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyperplasia
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increased cell number through mitosis
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Hypertrophy
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increased cell size/volume
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Apoptosis
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programmed cell death
internally initiated non-inflammatory |
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Necrosis
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unplanned cell death
externally caused inflammatory |
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Inclusions
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non-membranous accumulations of metabolites: lipid droplets (clear spheres by LM, grey/black with TEM with special prep- TG for energy, retinoids for vitamin A), glycogen granules (PAS positive - storage form of carbs in liver and muscle)
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Plasma membrane components
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45% lipid, 50% protein, 5% carbs
different based on specialization of cell or membrane - like in gap junctions |
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Integral proteins
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immersed
Examples: transport, ion selective channels/pumps, receptors, enzymes, or anchoring structural proteins |
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Peripheral
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adjacent to intracellular PM surface
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Glycocalyx
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PAS-positive
has glycoproteins and glycolipids sugary coating of microvilli due to mucin released by goblet cells |
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Nicholson-Singer fluid mosaic model
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dynamic mix of phospholipds, cholesterol, and proteins
Molecules can move laterally and rotate (latter is less common) |
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Function of PM
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regulates traffic, mediates adhesion, cell-cell communication, hormones can trigger intracellular responses
Selective mechanical barrier |
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Adhesion
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cadherens and CAMs - cell to cell
integrins - cell to ECM |
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SNARE proteins
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mediate recognition and targeting of intracellular vesciular tranpsort
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SNAP
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trigger release after vesicular fusion with target membrane
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Mannose-6-phosphate receptor
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Mediates pre-lysosomal endosome targeting
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Pinocytosis
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consitutive clathrin-independent micro-endocytosis of extracellular fluid with soluble substances via smooth calveolae
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Phagocytosis
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Clathrin-independent endocytosis of particles - fuses with primary lysosome
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Fc on Macrophages
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Receptors that recognize Fc tail of antibodies bound to foreign antigen
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Receptor-mediated
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Molecules bind to receptors, causing aggregation of the moleules into coated pits mediated by clathrin proteins on the internal PM surface.
These are endosomes - targeted to specific organelles, like lysosomes |
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Exocytosis
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SNARE-mediated fusion of vesicles with PM - consitutive or regulated
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Perinuclear cisterna
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10-30 nm space between the two lipid bilayers of the nucleus
Outer membrane and cisterna are continuous with the ER Inner membrane and cisterna are associated with nuclear lamina and chromatin |
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Nuclear lamins
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Intermediate filaments that staibilize nuclear envelope, anchor interphase chromosomes, and may disassemble nucleus during mitosis
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Nuclear pore
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70-100 nms - made of 8 inner and outer coaxial rings around a central hub with a nucleoplasmic basket
mediates bidirectional transport of materials in and out of the nucleus |
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G TD
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Terminally differentiated cells
Include neurons, cardiac and skeletal myocytes, and adipocytes |
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G1
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DNA integrity and repair; cell growth; apoptosis
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G0
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Cycle delayed, but may resume
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S
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Chromatid duplication (2n2d to 2n4d); centrioles duplicate
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G2
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Cell growth
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Karyokinesis vs. Cytokinesis
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nuclear division vs. cellular division
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Prophase
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus degenerate. Centriole pairs migrate.
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Metaphase
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chromosomes align; mitotic spindle extends
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Anaphase
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Chromatids separate and segregate; pulled by kinetochore dyneins along microtubules
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Telophase
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Chromatids separate; cytokinesis occurs; nuclear envelope reforms
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Time in Meiosis 1
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3 weeks in primary spermatocytes; 1-5 decades in primary oocytes
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Time in Meiosis 2
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1 hour in spermatocytes and oocytes
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Ribosome
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20 x 30 nm - 60% RNA, 40% protein
subunits made in nucleolus free or bound (via signal peptide on polypeptide it's making) - determine whether protein goes or stays Lots = cytoplasmic basophilia Translation |
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sER/sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Look like little circles - no ribosomes
metabolizes steroids, steroid hormones, and cholesterol; detoxify toxic compounds with P450; adds lipids to lipoproteins: stores calcium in striated muscle cells |
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rER
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tubes or sacs covered in ribosomes
close to nucleus most abundant in cells secreting lots of protein post-translational modification |
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Golgi complex
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pancakes with flared ends
stain with osmium, NADPase, and TPPase post-translational mods -sulfation, glycosylation, acylation Packaging Storage secretion Uses SNAREs and M-6-P to target vesicles |
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Lysosomes
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bud off of trans-Golgi network
contain hydrolytic enzymes membrane has lyso-bisphosphatidic acid primary - haven't digested yet secondary - fusion of primary with other H+ pumps in plasma activate hydrolytic enzymes |
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Autophagic vacuoles
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fusion of primary lysosome with vesicles with old cellular parts
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Heterophagic vacuoles
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fursion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes with extracellular material - from any of the three endocytotic pathways
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Residual body (lipofuscin granule)
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end product of autophagic vacuoles or heterophagic vacuoles. Indigestible residues - accumulate with age
Pale yellow/brown |
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Lysosomal storage disease
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anomalies in hydrolases lead to accumulation of the enzyme's substrate molecule - ex. is Tay Sachs
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Peroxisomes
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Contain oxidative enzymes
break down hydrogen peroxide, long-chain fatty acids, and make ether-linked phospholipids of myelin (plasmalogen) |
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Mitochondria
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Rods 1 micron in length with two unit membranes. Cristae can be tubular if cell is involved with making lipids, but they are normally shelf-like.
Have their own mDNA, tRNA, r RNA, and mRNA- stain dark on H&E and are have dense matrix granules by TEM. Present in cells that use a lot of ATP, like muscles or secretory cells Mediate apoptosis |
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Hemosiderin
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Brownish iron complex from incomplete hemoglobin degradation after RBC phagocytosis - characteristic in spleen
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Microfilament Structure
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7 nm diameter
actin - globlular actin polymerizes to polarized filamentous actin cell structure, intercellular adhesion, locomotion |
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Microfilament Function
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Cell shape and motility
In microvilli Form terminal web Adhesion molecules In thin filaments of myofibrils ATPase activity |
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Myosin 2
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Motor protein in thick filament of mytofibril of striated muscle
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Myosin 1
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tail-less motor protein for vesicular transport along F-actin
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Intermediate filaments
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10 nm diameter
structural and mechanical support Common core and diverse cell type-specific primary sequences Dimers become anti-parallel, non-polarized tetramers to form very stable fibrils Adhesion plaques and desmosomes |
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Vimentins
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Cytoplasmic side of nuclear pores
Found in cells of mesencymal origin (endothelial cells, myofibroblasts, some smooth muslce cells, endothelia, leukocytes) |
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Keratins
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Found in keratinizing and some non-keratinizing epithelia. Terminate in desmosomes and sites of cell-to-cell adhesion.
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Tonofilaments
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Bundles of keratin visible by light
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Desmin
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Present in all muscle cells. Framework for attachment and integration of contractile proteins
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein
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In neuroglia (oligodendroglia, astrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells, pituicytes)
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Neurofilaments
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In neurons
Provide internal support for neuron processes (including axons) and maintain gel state of cytoplasm |
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Nuclear lamins
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In all cells
Attach chromosomes to inner surface (fibrous lamina) of the inner membran eof th enuclear envelope. Help in gene regulation |
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Microtubule Structure
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25 nm diameter
Polymerized alpha and beta tubulin dimers extend from gamma tubulin of the Microtubule Organizing Center Form tubules (cytoplasm, axons) or axonene of cilia and flagella Polarized |
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Microtubule Function
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Intracellular movement of organelles and vesicles
Dynamic instability involving GTP |
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Kinesins
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motor proteins on microtubules that travel toward the plus end (usually toward periphery of cell)
(anterograde in neurons) |
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Dynein
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motor proteins on microtubules that travel toward the minus end (toward center)
retrograde in neurons |
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Centrioles
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paired cylinders oriented orthogonally -located in the nucleus, act as the MTOC, and duplicate and separate in mitosis and meiosis
Can form from basal bodies |
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Basal body
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part of cilia that attaches to the terminal web
has 9 microtubule triplet structure Can form from centrioles |
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Terminal web
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network of actin on apical surface
anchors microvilli and integrates with zona adherens |
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Sterocilium
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Long, branching microvilli
in epithelial cells of epididymis, vas deferns and sensory hair cells of inner ear absorption and sensory mechano-reception |
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Cilia movement
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9 peripheral doublets with a doublet core
doublet microtubules slide relative to each other via dynein arms Nexin links the arms together (an elastic protein) |
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Motile cilia
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Found in epithelial cells lining respiratory tract, male and female reproductive tracts, ependymal cells in CNS
produce synchronous back-and-forth movements designed to sweep luminal contents in a given direction |
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Non-motile primary cilia
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sensory cells - light, sound, smell, osmolality, mechanosensory
mediate functions in embryogenesis and morphogenesis |
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Lateral surface
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limits paracellular molecular diffusion and requires transcellular transport and communication
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Zonula occludens
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fusion of plasma membrane near apical end. Tight junctions forces regulated tranport via receptors and transporters
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Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs of ZO)
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occludins, claudins
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Zonula adherens
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Basal to tight junction. A band of mechanical adhesion between adjacent cells (epithelial, cardiac myocytes - fascia adherens sheet at transverse intercalated discs)
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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs of ZA)
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Have extracellular domains that attach adjacent cells across the intercellular space
Can be Ca-dependent or not |
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Catenin
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links intracellular domains to actin and intermediate filaments
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Selectins
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Ca-dependent: recognition and transendothelial migration of leukocytes and endothelial cells
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Cadherins
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Ca-dependent: binds cells extracellularly - cell recognition and migration
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Integrins
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Ca-independent: interact with basal lamina proteins (laminins, 'nectins, which interact with collagens and proteoglycans)
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Ig-CAMs
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Ca-independent: non-immunogenic glycoproteins - homotypic cell adhesion, differentiation, immune responses
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Desmosomes vs. Hemidesmosomes
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Desmosomes: cadherins link to keratin tonofilaments. Lateral surface
Hemidesmosomes: integrin proteins link intracellularly with actin and keratin tonofilaments and extracellularly with laminin V, fibronectin, and type IV collagen in basal lamina |
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Gap juncrion
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electrical synapse. Found between epithelial, smooth muscle, cardiac myocytes, Schwann cells, osteocytes, and oocyte/follicular cells
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Plicae
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on basal surface - deep infoldings which may contain mitochondria - found in epithelial cells of renal tubules, sweat gland ducts, and ciliary processes of eye
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Basal lamina
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lamina rara and lamina densa - contains type IV collagen, laminin (glycoprotein), proteoglycans, and entactin
Cell attachement, recognition/signalling, and a selective filter |
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Basement membrane
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basal lamina and lamina reticularis
has collagen III and ground substance Stains with PAS |
