Cell Structure

Front 1

What are the components of a typical eukaryotic cell?

Back 1

Cytoplasm-Nucleus-Cell Membrane

Cytosol-Organelles

Non-membranous- Membranous

Front 2

What are the non-membranous parts of a cell?

Back 2

Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
Vaults (unknown function)

Front 3

What are the membranous parts of a cell?

Back 3

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes

Front 4

What component is most abundant in the cell?

Back 4

Water - 70%

Front 5

What is cytoplasm?

Back 5

The soup of the cell that contains mainly water, inorganic and organic compounds.

Front 6

What occurs in the cytoplasm?

Back 6

Glycolysis

Front 7

What does the cell membrane consist of?

Back 7

Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins

Front 8

What do cholesterol and phospholipids create?

Back 8

Lipid bilayer

Front 9

What do phosplipids and carbohydrates form?

Back 9

Glycolipids

Front 10

What do carbohydrates and proteins form?

Back 10

Glycoproteins

Front 11

What are the fuctions of glycolipids and glycoproteins?

Back 11

Structural stability, cell recognition, immune response

Front 12

What is the definition of amphipathic?

Back 12

Contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components.

Front 13

What is a micelle?

Back 13

A single spherical lipid layer; important in the digestion of fats

Front 14

What is a lipsome?

Back 14

A spherical lipid bilayer with hollow center; deliver drugs.

Front 15

What does the lipid bilayer in the membrane do?

Back 15

It functions chiefly as a barrier and allows passage of nonpolar and small molecules but not charged ones.

Front 16

Glycoproteins associated with the cell membrane?

Back 16

- play a role in cell-cell interactions
-acts as enzymes, channels, regulate transport, are involved with ion permeability and excitibility, structural protein contact, transmission of physiological signals.
-intergal proteins
-peripheral proteins

Front 17

Properties of intergral proteins

Back 17

- Tightly associated w/cell membrane, can penetrate and span the membrane
-Amphipatic: hydrophilic faces aqueous milieu; hydrophobic faces w/in membrane
-can span membrane once or multiple times
-disruption of lipid membrane is required for dissociation of these proteins.

Front 18

Properties of peripheral proteins

Back 18

-Frequently associated with integral proteins by non-covalent interactions
-Can be easily dissociated without disruption of lipid membrane

Front 19

What is the glycocalyx?

Back 19

Refers to the extracellular polymetric material and is formed by cho moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins. (bacteria, humans)

Front 20

What do glucose transporters do?

Back 20

They are channels that allow ions and molecules to move in and out of the cell. (Eg. glucose, amino acids and carbon dioxide)

Front 21

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

Back 21

-Microfiliments
-Intermediate filiments
-Microtubules

Front 22

What are microfiliments?

Back 22

(Eg. Actin) Cell movement, alteration of cell shape, cytokinesis during cell division, support in microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells

Front 23

What are intermediate filiaments?

Back 23

(Eg. Cytoketatin, laminin, desmin) support function, anchors organelles in place.

Front 24

What are microtubules?

Back 24

Transports and supports organelles; separation of chromosomes in cell division; movement in cilia (trachea epithelia) and flagella (sperm).

Front 25

Summarize the cell membrane functions

Back 25

- Barrier as for physical isolation
- protects cytosol of cells from external milieu
-Regulates passage of substances into and out of cell
- Allows nutrients and Ions into cells via protein channels or pores
-Allows waste and secretory products to leave cells
- Structural supprot
-cell membrane can alter shape to allow cell to expand
-Adaptations for motility or moving substances externally
-specializations like cilia allow movement of mucus(trachea epithalia)
- Specializations like flagella in sperm allow motility
- Communication of cells with its environment
- certain protein receptors on membrane transduce signals; binds molecules; function in recognition; internal fluids and molecules

Front 26

What does the nucleus contain?

Back 26

DNA,proteins, and RNA (site of DNA synthesis and gene expression)

Front 27

Where is the site of the ribosomal RNA synthesis?

Back 27

Nucleous

Front 28

Ribosomes

Back 28

1. (2 subunits of RNA/Protein) make protein in the cells
2. Are either fixed or attached to ER
3. Free ribosomes make cytoplasmic, mitochondria, peroxisomal and nuclear proteins
4. Fixed ribosomes make membrane, secreted & lysosomal proteins
5. RER membrane is continous w/ outer nuclear membrane

Front 29

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

Back 29

Receives and processes proteins made in RER

Front 30

How are the flattened stacks of csiterne arranged?

Back 30

In cis, medial, & trans faces.
^
Trans

Media

Cis

Front 31

How are proteins modified?

Back 31

By adding/removing sugar groups

Front 32

What happens to mature proteins?

Back 32

they are enclosed in vesicles then bud off trans golgi and are destined for secretion or to lysosomes

Front 33

What are storage vesicles?

Back 33

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

Front 34

What do lysosomes do?

Back 34

-organelles containing digestive enzymes, function to digest old organelles, bacteria into component molecules that are reused.
-Derived from golgi, fuse w/ intermediate compartments called endosomes
-endosomes allow progressive acidification and maturation of lysosomes.

Front 35

What are characteristics of perixisomes?

Back 35

-smaller than lysosomes
-degrade long-chain fatty acids and toxic compounds.
-catalyse breaks down hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

Front 36

What are inclusions?

Back 36

Not considered organelles
Aggregation of substances
Lipid and glycogen droplets (energy storage)
Pigments like lipofuscin (accumulate w/age) and melanin

Front 37

What is the mitochondria?

Back 37

Powerhouse of cell; makes energy (ATP)
-contains two lipid membranes; outer and inner folded into cristae
-matrix is located w/in inner membrane and contains its own DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes for Kreb's cycle

Front 38

Where is mitochondria found in abundance?

Back 38

Cells requiring alot of energy
Muscle and secretory cells

Front 39

Characteristics of extracellular matrix

Back 39

1. made by fibroblast
2. found outside of cell
3. consists of ground substance and some protein fibrils
4. Helps attach cells together
5. Provides strength and support