Cell Signaling

Front 1

what are the four types of cell signaling?

Back 1

endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and cell surface to cell surface

Front 2

describe endocrine signaling

Back 2

The ligand is secreted by
one type of cell and the ligand is
transported a long distance to act on cells expressing the receptor

Front 3

describe paracrine signaling

Back 3

Secretory cells and the target cells expressing the receptor are within a close and diffusible range.

Front 4

describe autocrine signaling

Back 4

The cell secreting the ligand also express the receptor. This can be referred to as self signaling

Front 5

describe cell surface to cell surface signaling

Back 5

One
cell expresses the membrane
bound receptor and the other cell
expresses the membrane bound
ligand

Front 6

how do intracellular receptors work?

Back 6

form complexes with ligand in the cytoplasm, move to the
nucleus and promote transcription

Front 7

what is viagra, what does it inhibit?

Back 7

Breakdown of cGMP is inhibited by Viagra, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Front 8

what are examples of drugs that target GPCRs?

Back 8

Examples:
– Zyprexa (bipolar disorder & schizophrenia, Eli Lilly)
– Clarinex (antihistamine against seasonal & year-round allergies,
– Schering-Plough)
– Zantac (treat and prevent ulcers in the stomach and intestines; histamine
receptor antagonists, GlaxoSmithKline)
– Zelnorm (severe, chronic, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); increases the
action of serotonin in the intestines, Novartis)

Front 9

Ras→ MAPK → Cell Proliferation
- dysregulated during cancer development in what cancers and how?

Back 9

Breast, colon, prostate, pancreatic etc. A high percentage of cancers with mutations within this
pathway are always activated, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. 95% of
pancreatic cancers have constitutive activation of Ras.

Front 10

PI3 Kinase Activation → Cell Survival (phosphorylates and inhibits BAD)
- dysregulated during cancer devlopment in what cancers and how?

Back 10

Components of this pathway are dysregulated in most types of human cancers. PTEN,
a signaling protein which negatively regulates PI3 Kinase, is mutated in most prostate
cancers.

Front 11

Activated EGF Receptor can increase cell proliferation and secretion of angiogenic factors
(growth factors that affect surrounding vasculature). What can this lead to?

Back 11

increased blood vessel supply and increased growth and tumor
metastasis