Cell Respiration And Photosynthesis Processes

Front 1

What are the primary functions of membranes surrounding the cell and organelles?

Back 1

To separate compartments and to control molecular traffic in and out.

Front 2

Membranes are selectively permeable. Define what this means.

Back 2

Some substances can cross easily while others can not get across.

Front 3

Membranes are made up of what two things?

Back 3

50% Phospholipids, and 50%Proteins.

Front 4

What does "fluid" membrane refer to?

Back 4

It is constantly moving. The phospholipids are freely moving and the proteins float freely in the lipids.

Front 5

The fluidity of the membrane is impacted by what?

Back 5

Level of saturation and Temperature (colder slower, and warmer faster).

Front 6

Where does saturated and unsaturated fat come from?

Back 6

Saturated fat comes from animals, and Unsaturated fat comes from plants.

Front 7

What is the importance of Steroid Cholesterol?

Back 7

The cholesterol keeps cells from freezing by "breaking up" the lipids at low temperatures.

Front 8

Proteins of a membrane can be Peripheral and Integral. Explain the difference.

Back 8

Peripheral proteins are anchored to a phospholipid and move with the phospholipid in one layer (does not cross bilayer). Integral protein goes from one side of the membrane to the other, it must also have a region that has hydrophobic amino acids (completely crosses bilayer).

Front 9

What are the six functions of membrane proteins? Then explain each.

Back 9

Transporters (materials in and out of the cell), enzymes (facilitate chemical reactions), cell surface receptors (transmit messages from outside cell), cell surface identity markers (marker to let other cells know the cell type), cell to cell adhesion proteins (support cell and surrounding tissue), and attachments to the cytoskeleton (support cell and surrounding tissue).

Front 10

Membrane proteins and lipids have what in common?

Back 10

Synthesized in the ER and Golgi and transported out in vesicles.

Front 11

Membranes are Bifacial what does this mean and why?

Back 11

Have a cytoplasmic inside and outside. Proteins have to be oriented correctly to function, also sugar groups can be attached to the outside.

Front 12

What two molecules can diffuse directly across the lipid bilayer?

Back 12

Apolar molecules, and small uncharged polar molecules.

Front 13

Larger polar molecules and ions must use what to get across the membrane?

Back 13

Transport proteins.

Front 14

The passive transport of water across the membrane is called what? Explain.

Back 14

Osmosis. The water will always travel to where there is more solutes (sugar, salt), and less water. If the solutes can not cross the membrane then the water will move to make the concentration equal.

Front 15

Define Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic.

Back 15

Hypertonic is less water and more solutes, Hypotonic is more water and less solutes, and Isotonic is equal.

Front 16

Which solution of osmosis do plant and animla cells perfer?

Back 16

Plant cells perfer Hypotonic, and Animal cells perfer Isotonic.

Front 17

What are the three types of membrane transport? Desribe each.

Back 17

Passive Transport (with or without a protein, also known as diffusion. No energy required moves from high to low concentrations) Active Transport (must have a protein, requires energy, goes against concentration gradient from low to high), and Facilitated Transport (another form of diffusion it makes use of a transporter protein through the use of its channel)

Front 18

What is a Channel Protein?

Back 18

A protein that allows fast transport of molecules in and out of a cell when their channels or "gates" are open

Front 19

What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Back 19

Some of the protein channels can be closed. Allow for a gradient bulid up and then a rush of the molecule when needed.

Front 20

One example of an active transport is a protein pump. Explain a protein pump.

Back 20

Moves protons outside of the cell against their concentration gradient. The movement of protons creates a membrane potential and an electrochemical gradient.

Front 21

Carrier Proteins used in Active Transport include what?

Back 21

Uniporters (move one molecule at a time), Symporters (move two molecules in the same direction), and Antiporters (Move two molecules in opposite directions, pull protein out and something out with it, doesn't require ATP)

Front 22

What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

Back 22

An active transport mechanism that uses an antiporter to move 3 NA+ out of the cell and 2 K- into the cell. Basically swaps them.

Front 23

Bulk Transport of substances is accomplished by what five things?

Back 23

Endocytosis (movement of substances into the cell), Phagocytosis (the cell takes in particulate matter), Pinocytosis (The cell takes in only fluid), Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (Specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor), and Exocytosis (movement of materials out of the cell).

Front 24

What is Metabolism?

Back 24

The sum of all biochemical reactions in the cell.

Front 25

What are the two types of metabolism?

Back 25

Anabolism (synthesis reactions or building something), Catabolism (decomposition reactions or breaking something down).

Front 26

What is energy?

Back 26

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Front 27

What are the six types of energy?

Back 27

Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Chemical Energy (energy in bonds such as ATP), Radiation Energy (light), Nuclear Energy (nucleus), and Heat (kinetic energy of molcules).

Front 28

Most forms of energy can be converted into heat energy. Heat energy is measured in kilocalories. Define one calorie.

Back 28

The amount of heat required to raise the temp. of 1kg of whater by 1 degree C. 1 food calorie= 1 kilocalorie= 1000 calories.

Front 29

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Back 29

It is the law of energy conservation. Any form of energy can be transformed to other forms of energy, but energy is never lost or created.

Front 30

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Back 30

Disorder is more likely than order. Entropy (disorder in the universe), entropy is always increasing.

Front 31

Chemical reactions can be described by the transfer of energy. What are the two types of chemical reactions?

Back 31

Endergonic Reaction (a reaction requiring an input of energy. Exergonic Reaction (a reaction that releases energy)

Front 32

What is a catalysts?

Back 32

Substances that lower the activation energy of a reactions.

Front 33

What is the ATP structure?

Back 33

Ribose (5-carbon sugar) + adenine + three phosphates

Front 34

What are Enzymes?

Back 34

Molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells. Most are proteins that lower the activation energy required for a reaction, and are not changed or consumed by the reaction.

Front 35

Enzymes are specific, give examples.

Back 35

They accelerate one particular reaction, The reactant(s), that are used are called the substrate, the spot where the two bind is the active site.

Front 36

What four factors influence enzyme reaction rates?

Back 36

Enzyme concentration, Substrate concentration, Environment, and Regulatory molecules.

Front 37

Several regulatory molecules impact enzyme activity explain.

Back 37

Inhibitors are molecules that bind to the enzymes and decrease activity, Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for binding to the same active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to sites other than the enzymes active site. Also Activators are molecules that bind to the enzyme that increase activity, and Cofactors are non-protein molecules/atom required for enzyme activity.

Front 38

Cellular Respiration occurs in and around the ____ to produce chemical energy.

Back 38

Mitochondria.

Front 39

Organisms can be classified based on how they obtain energy. What are the two classifications?

Back 39

Autotrophs: are able to produce their own organic molecules through photosynthesis. (Plants) Heterotrophs: live on organic compounds produced by other organisms. (Animals)

Front 40

The equation for cellular respiration is:
C6 H12 06 + 6o2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Back 40

Explain. C6 H12 06 is glucose, 602 is six oxygen, 6 CO2 is six carbon dioxide, 6H2O is six waters, and 38 ATP is 38 ATP.

Front 41

What is ATP?

Back 41

Adenosine-tri-phosphate, which is the main source of energy for cellular work.

Front 42

What causes electronegativity?

Back 42

Elements want to have a full outer shell, and as the electron circles the nucleus it has to be a greater distanace between shells to have high energy and not fall away from the nucleus.

Front 43

Oxygen is very electronegative which gives it what two qualities?

Back 43

It attracts electrons, and is a strong oxidizer.

Front 44

NAD+ does what to become NADH?

Back 44

Accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton, the reaction is reversible and used to used to move electrons in cellular respiration.

Front 45

What is Aerobic Respiration?

Back 45

Large amount of energy that must be released in small steps rather than all at once. (going down steps not jumping to the bottom).

Front 46

The complete oxidation of glucose proceeds in stages list the 5 stages.

Back 46

Glycolysis (splits), Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Themlosmosis.

Front 47

Explain Glycolysis.

Back 47

Occurs outside of the mitochondria, Splits the C6 sugar glucose into 2 C3 sugars called pyruvate in a ten step process of using 2 ATP and gives off 4 ATP and 2 NADH's which results in a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH's.

Front 48

In Pyruvate Oxidation what occurs.

Back 48

The pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA by giving off a CO2 and gives a NADH.

Front 49

What occurs in the Krebs Cycle?

Back 49

The acetyle CoA enters the cycle and results in 2 CO2 given off, 3 NADH's produced, 1 ATP produced, and 1 FADH produced. (multiply by two per glucose)

Front 50

What occurs in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

Back 50

The NADH and FADH give their electrons to the ETC, the electrons tumble down it losing energy as they go, this results in protons being pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane and creates a proton gradient, the electron is given to O2 at the end thus aerobic respiraiton.

Front 51

In the ETC for each NADH and FADH that is pumped in what is pumped out?

Back 51

NADH pumps out 3 protons, and FADH pumps out 2 protons.

Front 52

What occurs at the Chemiosmosis stage?

Back 52

The protons accumulate and are passed back over the membrane through the ATP synthase protein, For each proton that comes through ADP + P is changed into ATP.

Front 53

What is the grand total of ATP produced per glucose?

Back 53

38 ATP.

Front 54

What are the theoretical energy yields of repiration, and then what are the acual energy yields?

Back 54

Theoretical: 38 ATP per glucose for bacteria and 36 per glucose for eukaryotes. Actual: 30 ATP per glucose for eukaryotes, reduced yield is due to leaky inner membrane.

Front 55

What two types of respiration occur without O2?

Back 55

Anaerobic Respiration (use of inorganic molecules as final electron acceptor Sulfer or, Nitrogen), and Fermentation (use of organic molecules as final electron acceptor such as ethanol (plants), lactic acid (lactic acid)).

Front 56

All sugars enter food chain via _______.

Back 56

Photosynthesis.

Front 57

Photosynthesis is carried out by which three groups?

Back 57

Cyanobacteria (prokaryotes that under go photosynthesis and oxygen production), 7 groups of algae, and all land plants.

Front 58

The make up of photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 + O2. (H+ + e-) taken from one side given to the other.

Back 58

To make carbohydrates CO2 provides C, O., H20 provides H, e-., O2 is a byproduct., The increase of energy is provided by light e- in water: low energy, e- in sugar: high-energy.

Front 59

Photosynthesis takes place in where?

Back 59

Chloroplasts. The Thylakoid Membrane: the actual pancake things, and Stroma: the liquid in the organelle.

Front 60

Photosynthesis is divided into what two reactions?

Back 60

Light-Dependent Reactions: caputre energy from sunlight, make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH, in thylakoid. Carbon Fixation Reaction: Use ATP and NADPH (from light reactions), located in the stroma.

Front 61

Light is _____ from the sun.

Back 61

Radiation separted by energy levels.

Front 62

Visible light is either ____, _____, or ______ by any given surface.

Back 62

Reflected, Transmitted, or Absorbed.

Front 63

Pigments are able to absorb specific wavelengths of light, ______ is the main pigment in photosynthesis.

Back 63

Chlorophyll, it is the green pigment (seen by the eye) in plants.

Front 64

Chlorophyll mainly absorbs light in the _____ and ______ parts of the spectrum.

Back 64

Blue and Red.

Front 65

What is the purpose of a carotenoid?

Back 65

Protect the plant from excess light.

Front 66

Photon is a particle of light, a bundle of energy. When a molecule absorbs a photon one of the molecule's electrons is elevated to a higher electron shell giving it greater ______ ______.

Back 66

Potential Energy.

Front 67

Explain Photosystem II.

Back 67

Absorbs photons and excites that are passed to plastoquinone.

Front 68

Explain the b6f complex.

Back 68

The b6f complex transfers the electrons from plastoquinone to plastocyanin. THe electron transfer provides energy to pump a proton over the thylakoid membrane.

Front 69

Explain Photosystem I.

Back 69

Absorbs photons and re-excites electrons that are passed through carriers and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Front 70

Explain Step 4.

Back 70

Protons on the inside of the thylakoid membrane flow back through the ATP synthase protein, converting ADP + P to ATP.

Front 71

In the Carbon Fixation Reactions, in order to build carbohydrates cells need what?

Back 71

Energy (ATP), Reduction Potential (electrons), A source of Carbon (CO2 from the air). This is the Calvin Cycle.

Front 72

The Calvin Cycle has three Phases list them.

Back 72

Carbon Fixation (RuBP (5 carbon sugar) + CO2 --> 2 molecules PGA (3 carbon sugar), Reduction, and Regeneration of RuBP (G3P is used to regenerate RuBP).

Front 73

What is Rubisco?

Back 73

The enzyme that fixes CO2 from the air, the most abundant enzyme in the world.

Front 74

What is required to make one molecule of glucose?

Back 74

2 G3P, 18 ATP molecules, and 12 NADPH molecules.

Front 75

What are the two forms of alternate photosynthesis?

Back 75

C4 metabolism, and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).

Front 76

What is Photoresperiation?

Back 76

Occurs when plants only have rubisco, when rubisco binds with oxygen instead of CO2. Occurs when temp is high or too dry.