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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the source of energy that is available to living organisms to carry on all their activities?
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Photosynthesis
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What is the difference between external and internal (cell level) respiration?
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Breathing represents external respiration and cellular respiration represents internal respiration.
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What is the source of energy for cellular respiration?
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Food
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What three major food groups provide the energy for cellular respiration?
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1. carbohydrates
2. fats 3. proteins |
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Where is the actual energy stored in food molecules?
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in the bonds that hold the food molecules together on a molecular level
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What are the smallest carbohydrates called?
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Monosaccharides
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What are the smallest fat components called?
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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What are the smallest protein units called (monomers)?
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Amino acids
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What is homeostasis?
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Human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment
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What structure in the brain is constantly monitoring the blood, and is often called the "master gland?"
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pituitary
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Where are the Islets of Langerhans found?
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On the pancreas
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What do the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans produce?
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the hormone glucagon
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What do the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans produce?
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the hormone insulin
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In humans excess glucose is first stored as what?
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Glycogen
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Once the maximum of glycogen has been stored in the liver and muscle tissue, the rest is stored as what?
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Fat
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What are three functions of fat tissue found in skin?
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1. cushion and protect
2. insulation 3. stockpile energy for famine |
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What is the cause of cellulite?
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Cellulite bumps on the skin are caused by a dimpling of skin caused by engorged fat cells and toxic fluid buildup making the elastin fibers tight.
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What are the three major areas for the deposition of fat in humans?
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abdomen, buttocks, and hips
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In which areas do males tend to store excess fat?
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Abdomen
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In which areas do females tend to store excess fat?
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buttocks, hips, thighs, and breasts
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In order to maintain a constant about of body fat, what must happen?
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Caloric expenditures must match caloric intake.
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What is "DeBow's Rule of Eating."
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Eat for what you are going to do, not for what you have done.
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What are the three main uses for ATP energy produced in cellular respiration?
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1. mechanical work
2. transport work 3. chemical work |
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What is a good layman's definition of metabolism?
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Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the body.
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What protein-based compounds are critical for almost all reactions that occur in the human body?
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enzymes
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The presence of enzymes lowers what?
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the energy of activation
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What makes "warm" chemistry possible?
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enzymes
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What are organic catalysts?
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enzymes
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What are the substances called that are metabolized by enzyme-catlayzed reactions?
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substrates
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What is the active site on a substrate?
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The active site is the location where the substrate binds to the enzyme.
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For what are enzymes usually named?
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the reactions they catalyze.
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Enzyme activity can be shut-off by a variety of means. Most of these cause a change in the shape of the enzyme rendering the enzyme useless. What is this process called?
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denaturation
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What reverses denaturation?
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renaturation
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If enzymes are exposed to the wrong temperature or pH - or both - what happens to the enzyme?
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it denatures ( it changes shape and no longer is able to catalyze the chemical reaction for which it was intended)
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What are the four steps in the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose?
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1. glycolysis
2. transition recation 3. Kreb's cycle (citric acid cycle) 4. ETS (electron transport system) |
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How many molecules of ATP are produced by the complete oxidation of molecule of glucose?
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36 ATP's
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How many carbons are present in glucose?
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6
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What is the universal by-product of cellular respiration?
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carbon dioxide
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Cellular respiration is the opposite of what chemical reactions?
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photosynthesis
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How are enzymes typically named?
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for the reactions they catalyze
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Enzymes usually end in what suffix?
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-ase (sugars end in -ose)
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How does the shape of an enzyme affect how it works?
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Enzymes have a particular shape called an "active site" into which substrates fit perfectly. If a substance is introduced with a shape that fits into the active site, the enzyme can get tied up by these foreign compounds and will be deactivated. This is different than denaturation - when the actual shape of the enzyme changes so that the active site is malformed and inactive.
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What is the combination of an enzyme and a substrate called?
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an enzyme substrate complex
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List 4 ways that enzymes can become denatured.
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1. Incorrect pH
2. Incorrect temperature 3. Incorrect ionic strength 4. Incorrect solubility |
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Why is water a by-product of the production of ATP's in cellular respiration?
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because as hydrogens are passed down the electron transport chain in ETS, oxygen enters and combines with 2 hydrogen to form oxidative water
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In a typical 150 lb human, how much oxidative water is formed as a result of normal cellular respiration in a 24 hour period?
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approximately 600 ml - of the 1,500 ml of urine produced daily
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What do you call respiration that occurs without oxygen?
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anaerobic
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What is respiration called in the presence of oxygen?
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aerobic
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Why is water a by-product of the production of ATP's in cellular respiration?
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because as hydrogens are passed down the electron transport chain in ETS, oxygen enters and combines with 2 hydrogen to form oxidative water
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In a typical 150 lb human, how much oxidative water is formed as a result of normal cellular respiration in a 24 hour period?
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approximately 600 ml - of the 1,500 ml of urine produced daily
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What is respiration called in the presence of oxygen?
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aerobic
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What is the generalized formula for cellular respiration?
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One molecule of glucose, plus 6 molecules of oxygen yields 6 molecules of carbon dioxide gas and 6 molecules of water. (be able to write this formula out)
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In what cellular organelle does ATP production occur?
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mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
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In order for a molecule of glucose to start "rolling down Metabolism Hill", what must happen?
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2 molecules of ATP need to release 2 phosphates and become 2 molecules of ADP and two free phosphate - and the release of enough energy to essentially break 6-carbon glucose into 2 3-carbon pyruvic acids.
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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in the cytosol of the cytoplasm
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What is the primary carrier of hydrogens in ETS of cellular respiration?
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NAD - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD can be thought of as the "taxicab" of electrons & hydrogens)
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How many different enzymes are essential in one turn of the Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's Cycle)?
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8 different enzymes
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Essentially, what happens in the citric acid cycle?
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The cycle breaks down the remains of a carbohydrate (acetyl group), harvests its electrons (transported by NAD to ETS), and gives off carbon dioxide gas.
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Once stores of glucose are exhausted, the body burns fat. What happens when that runs out?
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protein is burned for energy (lose muscle mass)
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In what units is energy measure in the human body?
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calories
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What is a calorie?
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The amount of energy required to raise on gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
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What is the average daily expenditure of Calories/day in an awake, alert, but sedentary person?
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1680 Calories/day
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Define BMR - basal metabolic rate.
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The basal metabolic rate represents the resting energy use of an awake, alert but sedentary person.
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Why do men have a higher BMR than females?
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Because males have more testosterone which increases the fat breakdown rate.
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On average what is the body fat of a fit male?
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14%
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On average what is the body fat of fit female?
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22%
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What is anorexia?
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Self-starvation
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What is amenorrhea?
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lack of menstruation
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What hormone signals the female brain that a pregnancy cannot be supported?
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leptin
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What effect does a lack of estrogen have on bones?
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loss of bone mass called osteoporosis
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Some people concerned with storing too much fat may binge eat then vomit. What is this condition called?
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bulimia (can be fatal)
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