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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blastocyst
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An early stage of human embryonic development consisting of a hollow ball of cells and inner cell mass. (Also known as blastula.)
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cell cycle
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The orderly sequence of event describing the duplication of a cell into two equal cells. Events include: gap 1 (G1)
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differentiation
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The process by which relatively unspecialized cells become specialized cells found in tissues and organs.
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ectoderm
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The outermost embryonic tissue layer which gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system.
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embryo
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The early stages of development which do not yet resemble the adult of that species.
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endoderm
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The innermost embryonic tissue layer which gives rise to structures such as the inner lining of the digestive and respiratory systems.
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epigenetic
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Refers to heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence. Can include the modification of DNA or chromosome structure.
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epithelium
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The covering of internal and external surfaces of the body. Glands are also formed from epithelial cells.
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gamete
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Haploid germ or sex cell (eg.
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inner cell mass
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A group of cells in the blastocyst which will form the embryo.
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mesoderm
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The middle embryonic tissue
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morphogenesis
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Process involving dramatic changes in the shape and form of an organism during development.
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morula
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A development stage consisting of a solid ball of cells following the initial rounds of cell division in the zygote.
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multipotent
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A stem cell capable of forming many different types of cells in a particular cell linage
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pluripotent
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A cell capable of forming any other type of cell
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primary tissues
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Refers collectively to ectoderm
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stem cell
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General term for any cell that has not differentiated and is capable of undergoing cell division.
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transcription factor
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A protein (eg
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trophoblast
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The cells making up the outer sphere of the blastocyst which will ultimately become the placenta.
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zygote
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A diploid cell formed by the fusion two haploid gametes.
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cytokinesis
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The division of the cytoplasm and organelles between two daughter cells.
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Gap 1 (G1)
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The portion in the cell cycle following mitosis but before the beginning of another round of cell replication. This represents a period of cellular growth and regulatory events determining whether a cell will replicate.
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Gap 2 (G2)
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The portion in the cell cycle representing a checkpoint between DNA synthesis and mitosis. DNA damage and the correct duplication of chromosomes are assessed before proceeding to mitosis.
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heterochromatin
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A regioin of the chromosome that remains unusually condensed and transcriptionally inactive.
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histone
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A protein that binds DNA and plays a primary role in the formation of chromosomes.
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histone methylase
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An enzyme that adds a methyl group (CH3) to a histone and results in the formation of heterochromatin.
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mitosis
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The division of the nucleus followed by cell division (i.e.
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M-phase
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The period in the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are separated
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Nanog
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A transcription factor that maintains cells in a pluripotent state.
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Oct3/4
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A transcription factor that maintains cells in a pluripotent state.
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oligopotent
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An adult stem cell that only has the capacity
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oogenesis
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Formation and maturation of oocytes (i.e.
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Sox2
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A transcription factor that maintains cells in a pluripotent state.
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spermatogenesis
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The process by which sperm are formed.
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S-phase
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The period in the cell cycle in which the DNA is copied (ie
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totipotent
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A cell that is capable of forming a complete organism. In humans only the zygote or any of the cells from the 8-cell morula stage are totipotent.
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transcription
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The synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
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unipotent
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An adult stem cell that only has the capacity
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