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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the photosynthesis equation?
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O - sunlight - 6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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What are the raw materials of the photosynthesis equation?
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water & carbon dioxide
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What are the products of the photosynthesis equation?
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sugar & water
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What does the arrow mean in the photosynthesis equation?
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yeilds or produces
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Where does photosynthesis occur?
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in the chloroplasts of plant cells
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What is the process by which a cell captures the energy in sunlight & uses it to make food?
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photosynthesis
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What are the colored chemical compounds that absorb light?
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pigments
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What is the main pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants?
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chlorophyll
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What are the small openings on the undersides of leaves through which carbon dioxide enters a plant?
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stomata
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What kind of organism that makes its own food?
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autotroph
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What type of organism that cannot make its own food?
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heterotroph
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What is the equation of respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - sunlight - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
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What are the raw materials of the respiration equation?
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sugar & oxygen
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What are the products of the respiration equation?
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carbon dioxode, water, & energy
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Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place?
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in th ecytoplasm
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Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place?
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in the mitochondria
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How does fermentation differ from respiration?
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respiration uses oxygen and fermentation uses carbon dioxide
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Which type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
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alcoholic fermentation
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Which type of fermentation sometimes ocurrs in human muscle cells?
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lactic acid fermentation
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True or False: The proess by which cells "withdraw" energy from glucose is called hotosynthesis.
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false: respiration is the process by which cells "withdraw" energy from glucose
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True or False: Respiration provides energy for cells without using oxygen.
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false: fermentation provides energy for cells without using oxygen
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What is the first step in photosynthesis?
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chloroplasts in plant cells capture energy from sunlight
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What is the second step in photosynthesis?
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the captured light enerdy is used ot produce sugars and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide
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What is the first step in respiration?
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In the cytoplasm, glucose is broken down into smaller molecules. A small amount of energy is released.
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What is the second step in respiration?
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In the mitochondria, the smaller molecules combine with oxygen to produce water & carbon dioxide. This reaction releases a large amount of energy.
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What happens in interphase in cell divison?
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- cell grows into its mature size
- makes copies of its DNA - prepares for cell division - 2 cylindrical structures called centrioles are copied |
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What happens in mitosis prophase in cell division?
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- chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes
- the pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus - spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell - the muclear envelope breaks down |
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What happens in mitosis metaphase in cell division?
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- the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
- each chromosome attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere |
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What happens in mitosis anaphase in cell division?
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- the centromeres split
- the two chromatids separate, and each chromatid becomes a new chromosome - the new chromosomes move to offosite ends of the cell - the cell streches out as the opposite ends are pushed apart |
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What happens in mitosis telophase in cell division?
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- the chromosomes begin to strech out and loose their rodlike appearance
- a new nuclear envelope forms around eache region of cromosomes - the DNA is once again separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane |
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What happens in cytokinesis in cell division?
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- the cell membrane pinches in around the middle of the cell
- the cell spilts in two - each daughter cell ends up with an identical set of chromosomes and about half the organelles |
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What happens in replication of DNA in cell division?
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- it ensures each daughter cell will have the genetic information it needs to carry out its activities
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What is the regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo?
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cell cycle
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What are three things the cell does during intephase?
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- grows
- makes a copy of its DNA - prepares to divide in to 2 cells |
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What is the specific process during which the cell copies its DNA?
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repliation
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When do the centromeres split and the chromatids separate?
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anaphase
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When does the chromatin condense to form chromosomes?
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prophase
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When does a new nuclear envelope form around each region of chromosomes?
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telophase
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When do the chromosomes line up across ht ecenter of the cell?
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metaphase
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What are the two rodlike structures on a chromosome called?
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chromatids
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What is the structure that keeps the chromosomes together called?
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centromere
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What is the whole sturcture called?
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chromosome
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During cytokinesis, what divides, distibuting the organelles into each of the two new cells?
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cytoplasm
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True or False: During cytokinesis in plant cells, the new cell membrane forms before the new cell wall does.
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true
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What are the basic steps of the cell cycle?
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1. the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
2. the chromatin in the nucleus condences to form chromosomes 3. the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell 4. the centromeres split5. the chromosomes begin to strech out and loose their rodlike appearance 6. the cell membrane pinches in aroung the middle of the cell and splits in 2 |
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Why does a cell make a copy of its DNA before mitosis occurs?
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because each daughter cell needs a complete set of DNA to be able to survive
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What are the molecules that makes up the sides of the DNA ladder?
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- deoxyribose
- phosphate |
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What are the nitrogen bases that makes up the DNA ladder?
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- thymine
- adenine - guanine - cytosine |
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What do the two sides of the DNA molecule do?
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- unwind
- separate |
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What does thymine pair with?
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adenine
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What does guanine pair with?
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cytosine
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What do the notrogen bases that are floating in the nucleus pair up with?
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bases on each half of the DNA molecule
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After the new bases are attached, two new what are formed?
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DNA molecules
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What happens during differentiation?
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- cells become different from 1 another, form froups made of other similarly specialized cells, and groups form tissues and organs
- begin to carry out different functions - become organized into tissues, organs, and systems - fine - grained differentiation occurs |
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How do cells differentiate?
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- become fixed
- DNA in the nucleus are turned off, differentiation starts - active DNA guides the cell how to develope |
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What is differentiation?
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the process by which cells change in sturcture and ecome capable of carrying out specialized functions
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Through what and what an organism develops from a single cell into a multicellular organism with specialized structures?
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- mitosis
- differentiation |
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True or False: Cells become capable of carrying out specialized funtions when they differentiate in sturcture.
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true
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What are the levels into which cells becoem organized when they differentiate?
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- tissues
- organs - systems |
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Why can some lizards grow new tails?
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because the cells have the ability to differentiate and become new muscles, bones, blood, and nerves
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What are stem cells in humans?
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a type of cell that can differentiate throughout life
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True or False: Plants can continue to grow all of their lives because certain cells in their roots and stems are not fixed in their development.
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true
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