Cell Metabolism

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Metabolism

Back 1

the sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and that provide energy for vital processes and for synthesizing new organic material.

Front 2

What's the difference between Anabolism and Catabolism?

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Catabolic reactions usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy.

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Anabolism

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Reactions in which small molecules are built up into larger ones - requires energy usually.

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Catabolism

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Reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones releasing energy

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Metabolism is made up of 2 different types of reactions:

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Catabolic and Anabolic reactions

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Organic Compounds

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Substances that have large molecules and contain carbon.

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Carbohydrates:

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Any of the group of organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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Inorganic Compounds

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Do not contain Carbon or if they do, they have small molecules

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Why is Carbon Dioxide inorganic?

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Because despite containing Carbon, it's molecules are small

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Monosaccharides

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Simple sugars or single-unit sugars

Hint 10

eg. Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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Disaccharides

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Two simple sugars joined together

Hint 11

eg. sucrose, maltose and lactose

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Polysaccharides

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large numbers of simple sugars joined together

Hint 12

eg. glycogen, cellulose and starch

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Protein

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A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus

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Peptide Bond

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A bond that forms between amino acids.

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What is a bond that forms between two amino acids called?

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dipeptide

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Polypeptide

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Ten or more amino acids joined

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amino acids

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Amino acids are the building blocks of all biologicalproteins

(more than 20 different AAs)

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eg. Glycine, alanine, valine, glutamic acid.

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Lipids

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Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but much less oxygen than carbohydrates

Hint 18

eg. fats -stored in the body

phospholipids - important fin cell membranes. Steroids - including cholesterol and the sex hormone

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Nucleic Acids

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Very large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Made of nucleotides.

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What are nucleotides made of?

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nitrogen base, a sugar and a phosphate

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What are the two main kinds of nucleic acids?

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RNA - ribonucleic acid

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

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RNA

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consists of a single chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar ribose.

RNA carried info from the DNA in the nucleus to the parts of the cell where proteins are made

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DNA

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consists of two chains of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose.

Is also the genetic material in the nucleus that stores inherited info.

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Enzymes

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Proteins that allow chemical reactions to take place at normal body temperature.

They are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Activation Energy

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The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

Front 26

What do enzymes do the activation energy?

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Enzymes reduce the activation energy needed to begin a reaction.

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Substrate

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The molecules on which an enzyme acts.

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Why are enzymes specific?

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Because each enzyme will combine with only one particular substrate (it's complimentary) so only involved in one specific reaction.

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Name the 7 Factors Affecting enzyme activity.

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1. Higher concentration of Enzyme

2. Increasing substrate concentration

3. The product of the reaction needing to be removed

4. pH

5. Presence of co-factors

6. Temperature

7. Enzyme inhibitors.

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How does higher concentration of enzyme effect enzyme activity?

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By regulating the type and amount of enzymes present, the body is able to control which reactions occur and the rate at which they proceed.

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How does increased substrate concentration effect enzyme activity.

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-> increases rate of reaction

There will be more substrate molecules coming into contact with the enzyme molecules.

Although it has its limits

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If I keep increasing my substrate concentration will the rate continue to increase?

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Yes - to a certain extent.

Beyond a certain concentration, increasing the substrate will cease to have an effect because all the enzyme molecules will be fully occupied.

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Why must the products of the reaction continually be removed?

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Because if they are not, it becomes more difficult for the substrate molecules to make contact with the enzyme molecules.

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How does temperature influence enzyme activity?

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The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases.

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If I continue to increase my temperature will the rate of enzyme activity continue to rise?

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Only wishin a limited temperature range. As they are proteins, beyond 45-50C their structure chages and they are inactivated. They only work best at optimum temperature.

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Whats the body's optimum temperature for enzyme activity?

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Between 30-40C

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Why does pH matter for enzyme activity?

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Enzymes are sensitive to pH of the medium in which the reactions are taking place.

Each has an optimum pH

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What's an optimum pH?

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a pH at which an enzyme will work most effectively.

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Why do many enzymes require co-factors?

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Co-factors change the shape of the active site so that the enzyme can combine with substrate. Without it, the enzyme molecule is intact but cannot function.

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What are co-factors?

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certain ions or non-protein molecules necessary for some enzymes to combine with their complimentary substrate.

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What are Enzyme Inhibitors?

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Substances that slow or even stop the enzme's activity.

Hint 41

eg. penecillin.

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Why are Enzyme Inhibitors important?

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They may be used by cells to control reactions so that products are produced in specific amounts.