Cell/ Membranes Bio 111

Front 1

The highest level of DNA packaging or "folding" is the _______________________.

Back 1

chromosome

Front 2

DNA is wrapped around proteins called___________.

Back 2

histones

Front 3

What is a gene?

Back 3

A piece of DNA that gives instructions on how to make a gene product (most commonly a protein but sometimes an RNA such as a tRNA).

Front 4

Who looked at cork through a microscope and named the tiny compartments he observed "cellulae"

Back 4

Robert Hooke

Front 5

Who used a microscope to observed "little animalcules" and described diverse protists, sperm cells and even bacteria?

Back 5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Front 6

What was Robert Brown's contribution regarding the cell?

Back 6

He noticed a discrete, spherical body inside some cells, which he called a "nucleus."

Front 7

Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 7

prokaryotes

Front 8

Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 8

eukaryotes

Front 9

Are plants prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 9

eukaryotes

Front 10

Are archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Back 10

prokaryotes

Front 11

Do plant cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall or just one?

Back 11

plant cells have both

Front 12

What are ribosomes?

Back 12

the site of protein synthesis....you find these in the cytoplasm and on rough ER.

Front 13

What is the site of cellular respiration in eukaryote cells?

Back 13

the mitochondria

Front 14

What is the site of photosynthesis in eukaryote cells?

Back 14

the chloroplast

Front 15

Which organelles have their own DNA?

Back 15

mitochondria and chlorplasts

Front 16

Name several structures that are found in plant cells but not in animal cells

Back 16

plant cells (alone) have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole, for example

Front 17

What is a the name of a storage site in plant cells?

Back 17

the central vacuole

Front 18

What is a membrane-bound transport structure in eukaryotic cells?

Back 18

a vesicle

Front 19

What part of the cell is crucial for the synthesis of lipids?

Back 19

smooth ER

Front 20

What part of a cell is composed of cellulose and provicdes support an protection?

Also, what kind of biological molecule is cellulose?

Back 20

the cell wall (cellulose is a carbohydrate, specifically a polymer of glucose)

Front 21

What part of the cell synthesizes subunits that will be used to assemble ribosomes?

Back 21

the nucleolus

Front 22

What is the semiliquid substance within the nucleus called?

Back 22

the nucleoplasm

Front 23

What part of the cell receives proteins made in the rough ER and chemically modifies them?

Back 23

the Golgi apparatus

Front 24

What part of the cell contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides?

Back 24

the lysosome

Front 25

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ____________.

Back 25

cristae

Front 26

What type of microscope requireslight passing through the specimen; typically involves staining with dye toenhance contrast. This treatment usually "fixes" and kills the cell.

Back 26

Bright field microscopy (the kind of microscope you use in the lab)

Front 27

The current model of membrane structure is called the _____________ _______________ model

Back 27

fluid; mosaic

Front 28

How thick is a biological membrane?

Back 28

about 8 nM thick!!!

Front 29

What does nano mean?

Back 29

it is a metric prefix that means one billionth (or ten to the negative 9th.)

Front 30

Cells are typically measured using what metric prefix?

Back 30

micro (they are measured in micrometers)

Front 31

_____________proteins move particular ions and molecules, including water, in a directed way across the membrane.

Back 31

Transport proteins

Front 32

What causes cystic fibrosis?

Back 32

a gene coding for the CFTR transport protein has a mutation. An incorrect version of the protein is made and causes defective chloride ion transport across the membrane. Not enough water leaves epithelial tissues, ad mucus sticks, building up into a thick mass. Infections are common and can damage the respiratory tract.

Front 33

What is the most common lipid that makes up biological membranes?

Back 33

phospholipids

Front 34

Besides phospholipids, what else might you typically find in biological membranes?

Back 34

proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc.

Front 35

What are the parts of a phospholipid?

Back 35

a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails, a phosphate and a polar group such as a choline

Front 36

What are two things that regulate membrane fluidity?

Back 36

the presence of double bonds in phospolipid fatty acid tails and cholesterol

Front 37

Is cholesterol polar or nonpolar?

Back 37

the -OH group of cholesterol is a hydrophilic (polar) region of the molecule. the 4 carbon ring region is hydrophobic (nonpolar)

Front 38

How is cholesterol embedded in the membrane?

Back 38

The polar -OH group associates with polar phospholipid head regions; the nonpolar 4 ring region associates with nonpolar phospholipid tails.

Front 39

How many carbon rings are present in a sterol?

What type of biological molecule is a sterol?

Back 39

4 rings; a sterol is a lipid

Front 40

___________________ is themain sterol in animal membranes, and is important for keeping the membranes fluid.

Back 40

cholesterol

Front 41

_____________proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. _____________proteins are held to membrane surfaces by noncovalent bonds

Back 41

integral; peripheral

Front 42

If a cell swells when immersed in a solution, it has been placed in a ______________ solution.

Back 42

hypotonic

Front 43

If a cell shrinks when immersed in a solution, it has been placed in a ______________ solution.

Back 43

hypertonic

Front 44

___________________ is thediffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response toconcentration gradients.

Back 44

osmosis

Front 45

Watermoves across a semipermeable membrane from the region with less solutes (____________water concentration) to the region with more solutes (_____________waterconcentration)

Back 45

higher; lower