Cell Membrane

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Phospholipids

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The lipids in biological membranes are usually phospholipids with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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Hydrophilic

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The phosphorus-containing "head" of a phospholid is electrically charged and therefore associates with polar water molecules

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Hydrophobic

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The long, nonpolar fatty acid "tails" of a phospholipid associate with other nonpolar materials,but they do not dissolve in water or associate with hydrophilic substances.

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Peripheral membrane proteins

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They lack exposed hydrophobic groups and are not embedded in the bilayer. Instead, they have polar or charged regions that interact with exposed parts of integral membrane proteins,or with the polar heads of phospholipid molecules

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Transmembrane protein

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An integral membrane protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer and protrudes on both sides

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Glycolipid

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It consists of a carbohydrate covalently bonded to a lipid

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Glycoprotein

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Consists of one or more short carbohydrate chains covalently bonded to a protein. The bound carbohydrates are oligoaccarides, usually not exceeding 15 monosaccharide units in length

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Proteoglycan

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A protein with even more carbohydrate chains are often longer in glycoproteins

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Passive transport

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Does not require direct imputs of metabolic energy to drive them.occurs when a substance moves from the side of the membrane where its concentration is higher to the side where its concentration is lower

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Active transport

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It requires the input of metabolic energy because they involve the movement of substances against their concentration gradients.

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Diffusion

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The process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium, generally very slow process in living tissue except over short distances.

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Simple diffusion

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A substance passes through a membrane to make one substance

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Selective permeability

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Properties biological membranes allow some substances to cross more easily than othere

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Cholesterol role in membrane

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Molecules interspersed among phospholipid tails on the bilayer influence the fluidity of fatty acids in the membrane

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Fluid mosaic model

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The model of cell membrane structure proposed by singer and nicholson- a membrane structure dipicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules. Floating.