Cell Membrane

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Increased membrane fluidity is associated with increased chance for survival of the cell. Factors which increase membrane fluidity:

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1. Shorter length fatty acid chains
2. Increased presence of unsaturated fatty acid (less Van der Waals bonding)
3. Decreased cholesterol content in membrane

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membranes include

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1. phospholipid
2. glycolipid
3. cholesterol
4. glycoproteins
5. proteins

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Phospholipid

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function as lipid bilayer barrier to large charged molecules

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Phospholipid... two base types

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a. Glycerol-base
b. Sphingosine-base

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glycero-base: triglyceral

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1 glycerol+3 fatty acid

energy storage... found in adipose cells. not in membrane

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glycero-base: phosphatidate

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1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid + 1 phosphate

simplest of phosphoglycerides

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Glycerol-base: important phosphoglycerides (5)

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1. phosphatidylcholine
2. phosphatidylserine
3. phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
4. phosphatidylinositol
5. cardiolipin (inner mitochondria)

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Sphingosine- base: ceramide

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sphingosine + 1 fatty acid

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sphingomyelin

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ceramide + phosphorylcholine (abundant in glial cell membranes that produce myelin)

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glycolipid

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sugar on glycolipid and glycoproteins found mostly on outer leaflet for signaling and cell-cell recognition

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glycolipid: glycocalyx

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-cell-cell recognition and signaling
-participates in forming linkage btw cells and ecm

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glycolipid... name three

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1. cerebrosides
2. sulfatides
3. gangliosides

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cerebrosides

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i. Sphingosine+fatty acid+1 simple sugar (galactose (common) or glucose) = cerebroside. Common is galactocerebroside

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sulfatides

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i. Galactocerebroside+ sulfate (connected to galactose)
ii. Found in neuronal cell membranes

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gangliosides

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i. Like galactocetebroside, but poly sugar (oligosaccharide)
ii. Abundant in nerve endings

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cholesterol

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a. Non-polar… fill gaps made by unsaturated carbons in phosphor- and glycolipids. If no cholesterol…water will fill it and will raise energy state of interior membrane (everything wants to be in the lowest energy state.)

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glycoproteins

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a. Found on outer leaflet
i. Consist of oligosaccharides attached to protein
b. Functions
i. Glycolipids
1. Cell-cell recognition and signal recognition
ii. Glycocalyx
1. Cell’s ability to recognized other cells (like or dislike function).
2. Participate in forming linkages btw cell and extracellular matrix and other cells
3. Recognizing and absorbing molecules at the cell’s surface

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glycoproteins: integrins

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i. Extracellular aspect can bind to fibronectin (another glycoprotein)
ii. Intracellular aspect attach to cytoskeleton of the cell
iii. Provide physical link btw element within and outside cell

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proteins: 2 founctions

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i. Serves as receptors for extracellular signals
ii. Transporters of a broad variety of substances in a variety of ways