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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is special about eukaryotic cells vs prokaryotic?
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eukaryotic Contains
Nuclear envelope histones membrane bound organelles prokaryotic is only bacteria |
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How do nuclei in normal tissue appear vs cancerous?
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normal is uniform in size and morphological features where cancerous are irregular
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What is fluid in nucleus called?
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nucleoplasm
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What is unique about the nuclear envelope?
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it is a double membrane of two phospholipid bilayer
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What is the space between nuclear envelope?
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perinuclear cisterna or perinuclear space
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Explain the surface of nuclear envelope
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it is covered with ribosomes and forms attachments with rough endoplasmic reticulum
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what helps to stabilize the nuclear envelope?
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fibrous lamina or nuclear lamina
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What is the function of nuclear lamina?
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regulates chromatin, stabilizes nuclear envelope
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What does fibrous lamina do during mitosis?
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breakdown the nuclear envelope through phosphorylation
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What structures allow fluid flow in/out of the nucleus?
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Nuclear Pore Complexes
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What is a nuclear pore complex derived from?
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Nucleoporins make the octagonal structure
GP210 anchors |
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How do large molecules enter through Nuclear Pores? what must they posess?
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The molecule must have the nuclear localization signal, they bind to a chaperone protein that guides them to and NPC where GTP is used for active transport.
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What is the nucleosome made of?
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146 DNA base pairs wrapped around histones with 48 base pair linker regions
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What is chromatin made of?
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Nucleosomes
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What is the structure of chromatin?
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Solenoid (helix coil of wire)
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What is unpacked chromatin called and how does it show up in a stain? why is it unpacked?
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euchromatin
it is poorly colored It is unpacked for transcription (active form) |
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What is packed chromatin called and how does it show up in a stain? why is it packed?
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Heterochromatin
dark in stain not actively transcribing it is well protected |
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What is the highest packed chromatin?
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chromosomes ready for mit/meiosis
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What structures are in the nucleolus?
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pars amorpha
nucleoleonema - pars fibrosa - pars granulosa |
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What does the pars amorpha do?
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contains Nuclear organizer DNA - sequences of bases that code for rRNA
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What does pars fibrosa consist of?
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newly synthesized primary transcripts of rRNA and associated proteins
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what does pars granulosa contain?
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maturing ribosomal subunits undergoing assembly to be exported to cytoplasm
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What are the 4 main phases of the cell cycle
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mitosis, interphase, Gap 0 (prep for mitosis), Gap terminal differentiated - nondividing cells
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what are the phases of interphase and what occurs in each?
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1. Gap 1
just RNA/protein synthesis no DNA Grows to parental size ongest phase 2. Synthesis DNA synthesis and replication 3. Gap 2 damaged DNA repaired create tubulin for spindle Maturation promoting factor |
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what does Maturation promoting factor do?
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disentegrate nuclear envelope
condense chromosomes |
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What are the steps of mitosis?
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Prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase |
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What happens in prophase?
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chromatin coils form chromosomes
nucleoli disentegrate mitotic spindle forms |
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what happens in metaphase?
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nuclear envelope disentegration
chromosomes line up equator chromosome splititng into sisters spindles attach to centromeres |
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what happens in anaphase?
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sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
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what happens in telophase?
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nucleoli and nuclear envelopes reappear as components of two separate nuclei
purse string constriction cytokinesis - ends mitosis |
