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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two strategies for restoring blood flow after stroke?
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thrombolysis (w/i 2 hours) and maintenance of the brain perfusion pressure
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What are 4 ways to decrease energy demands of the brain after stroke to prevent more neuronal death?
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hypothermia (not pratical), sedation, reduction of the production of action potentials, and inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission.
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What are three mechanisms for blood brain barrier breakdown?
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excitotoxicity (via glutamate), decrease in glucose thus decrease in ATP(loss of ion balance), and inflammation
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The leader sequence on proteins destined for mitochondria has what kind of sequence?
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basic amphipathic amino acids
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How does complex II of the ETC (succinate dehydrogenase) accomplish ischemic preconditioning?
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it is a K+ channel that allows influx of K+ that results in a short period of ischemic symptoms that can protect the heart from longer sustained ischemia later.
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What ETC complexes are most important for making ROS?
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Complex I and complex III
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During ischemia, the primary trigger for cellular pathology is...?
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ATP depletion
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During ischemia, ATP depletion causes three events that facilitate amplification of cell damage. What are they?
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increase of lactic acid, increase Calcium release into cell, and anoxic depolarization (excitotoxicity)
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Why does glutamine remain in the synaptic cleft after ischemia thus causing neuronal excitotoxicity?
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Glutamine is usually clered by an ATP dependent process, that is disrupted in ischemia due to decrease in ATP.
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How does excitotoxicity cause cell injury?
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It opens ion channels (specefically calcium) thus there is an influx of calcium, sodium, chloride and efflux of potassium. Many enzymes are stimulated and the membrane is damaged.
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What is the big difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
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Necrosis leads to "cell leaking" and inflammation while apoptosis leads to phagocytosis
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Describe the extrinsic death pathway in apoptosis via Fas.
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FasL causes trimerization of Fas, then three FADD's bind and activate caspase 8.
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Describe the intrinsic death pathway in apoptosis.
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Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria and combines with APAF-1 (several of each combine) and thus activate caspase 9.
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Cells in the ischemic core undergo this process... while the surrounding cells in the penumbra undergo this process...
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necrosis in the core and apoptosis in the penumbra
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Chronic inflammation and abscesses always lead to this...
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fibrosis (scarring) which is loss of tissue function in that spot
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chronic inflammation can occur in response to what (3 things)?
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persistant infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, and autoimmune disease
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What are the four morphological patterns of inflammation?
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serous inflammation (blister), fibrinous inflammation, suppurative/purulent inflammation, and ulcers
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what are ways to stimulate neurogenesis after stroke?
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stem cells, cord blood, statins, NO donors, growth factors, and cytokines.
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During angiogenesis, what event is absolutely important for stabilazation of the vasculature and for homeostasis?
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extracellular matrix remodeling.
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