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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 11 causes of cell injury
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.Ischemia/hypoxia (most common type) , physical agents, burns/trauma, chemical agents, drugs poisons, nutritional, inadequate calorie, protein or excess vatamin deficiency, infectious diseases, viruses bacteria parasites, immunological mechanisms, hypersensitivity immunodeficiency or autoimmunity.
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List two cellular and subcellular changes in reversible injury
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cellular swelling and vacuole formation (decreased function of NaK ATPase), fatty change
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What changes due to reversible injury will show under electron microscope
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blebbing of the plasma membrane, swelling of mitochondria and clumping of chromatin, dilation of ER and dispersion of ribosomes
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When can irreversible injury occur
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mitochondrial damage (cell unable to make ATP), membrane is severely damaged, influx of calcium, nuclear changes, rupture of lysosomes
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What occurs during disruption of the plasma membrane
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massive influx of calcium
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What nuclear changes accompany irreversible injury
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pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
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define pyknosis
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the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis.
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define karyorrhexis
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destructive fragmentation of the nucleus of a dying cell whereby its chromatin is distributed irregularly throughout the cytoplasm
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define karyolysis
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the complete dissolution of the chromatin matter of a dying cell due to the activity of DNase
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What are the three mechanisms by which cells undero injury and death
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ATP depletion due to a loss of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, Loss of calcium homeostasis, reactive oxygen species
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What 5 steps occur during ATP depletion due to loss of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria
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NaK pump fails and Na accumulates intracellularly, K diffuses out of the cell, Na Ca pump fails and Ca moves intracellularly, H2O and ions diffuse into the cell, Cell swells
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What occurs during a loss of calcium homeostasis
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Ca2+ influx due to energy failure of the ATP dependant calcium transporter will activate calcium dependant degradative enzymes
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Name the three ROS's
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hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals
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What are three protective factors against free radicals
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Superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx, Catalase
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What are the intracellular adaptations
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Fatty change, lipofuscin, hemosiderosis, cholesterol, calcification, hyaline changes
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Describe fatty change
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in alcoholic liver injury- reduced lipid export from liver cells and can no longer synthesize apoproteins
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describe lipofuscin
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wear and tear pigment, insoluble lipoprotein. Byproduct of lipid peroxidation and is nontoxic. Resists digestion and persists as membrane bound residual bodies
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describe hemosiderosis
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partially denatured form of ferritin- 25% of iron is stored in the form of ferritin and hemosiderin. Found in areas of hemorrhage and bruises. Normall in spleen , bone marrow and liver. When deposited systemically- hemosiderosis. In hemosiderosis as in frequent blood transfusion, iron present in organs where it is normally found and throughout the body, skin, pancreas, heart and kidney.
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Describe cholesterol
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muscle layer of heart blood vessel is filled with foam cells with lipid vacuoles
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What are the two types of calcification
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dystrophic and metastatic
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Where does Dystrophic calcification occur
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dead or injured cells
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what happens to blood calcium levels during Dystrophic calcification
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nothing, they remain normal
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what does Dystrophic calcification lead to
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crystal formation
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what is the microscopic appearance of Dystrophic calcification
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deep purple deposits in necrotic tissue
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where does Dystrophic calcification commonly develop
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aging or damaged heart valves
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do small deposits of calcium in necrotic tissue have clinical consequences
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no
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Where does metatstatic calcificaiton occur
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living cells or tissue
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what kind of calcium conditions occur during metatstatic calcificaiton
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hypercalcemic states
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what happens to serum calcium concentrations during metatstatic calcificaiton
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they increase
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What can cause metatstatic calcificaiton
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Vitamin D intox, multiple myeloma, parathyroid hormone, hyperparathyroidism, pagets disease
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Describe hyaline changes
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nonspecific term used to describe any intracellular or extracellular alteration that has pink homogenous appearance on an H and E stain
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what are some examples of hyaline changes
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alcoholic hyaline (intracellular), amyolid (extracellular), mallory bodies
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what are mallory bodies
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they are a type of intermediate filament between the size of actin and myosin
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What happens to cells during necrosis vs apoptosis
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necrosis- cell swelling apoptosis- cell shrinkage
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what happens to the nucleus or DNA during necrosis vs. apoptosis
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necrosis-- random nuclear fragmentation, apoptosis- specific DNA fragmentation
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does inflammation occur during necrosis vs. apoptosis
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necrosis- inflammation apoptosis- no inflammation
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