Cell Function Etc.

Front 1

FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION

Back 1

Growth

Repair

Reproduction

Front 2

CELL DIVISION _ GROWTH

Back 2

Cells only grow so big because as a cell grows larger the volume of the cytoplasm increases at a greater rate than the surface area of the cell and it gets harder to get nutrients in and wastes out. It becomes inefficient so the cell must divide into two smaller cells.

Front 3

CELL DIVISION_REPAIR

Back 3

Old and dead cells are replaced.

Front 4

CELL DIVISION_REPRODUCTION

Back 4

Some unicellular organisms must use cell division to reproduce. These single celled organisms use cell division to produce two identical organisms (cells)

Front 5

CELL CYCLE

Back 5

Sequence of events from one cell division to another. Involves interphase and cell division.

Front 6

INTERPHASE

Back 6

Regular function.

Phase of growing and working.

Chromosomes in form of thread-like chromatin.

Chromosomes duplicate and form chromatid pairs.

Front 7

CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS)

Back 7

Division of nuclear material.

Cytokinesis divides cytoplasm and other organelles equally.

Front 8

PROPHASE - EARLY

Back 8

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Chromatid pairsvisible. (Two chromatids attached at centromere.)

WhatHappens:

Centrioles moveapart.

Front 9

PROPHASE - MIDDLE

Back 9

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Spindle forming.

What Happens:

Nuclearmembrane begins to break down. Centrioles move farther apart.

Front 10

PROPHASE - LATE

Back 10

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Nuclear membranedisappears. Spindle completely formed.

What Happens:

Chromatidpairs being to migrate to the middle.

Front 11

METAPHASE

Back 11

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Each chromatidattached to spindle at centromere.

What Happens:

Chromatidsline up along the middle.

Front 12

ANAPHASE

Back 12

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Two sets ofchromosomes drawn toward opposite poles.

What Happens:

Centromeres divide separatingchromatid pairs.

Front 13

TELEOPHASE

Back 13

WhatDoes it Look Like:

Cell pinchingoff. Two new cells each with the samenumber chromosomes as the original cell. ENDRESULT

WhatHappens:

Cytokinesis –division of cytoplasm.

Front 14

NUCLEUS

Back 14

Contains chromosomes that direct all the activities of the cell. Surrounded by the neuclear membrane which allows some materials to pass into ad out of the nucleus.

Front 15

CHROMOSOMES

Back 15

Made of DNA (deoxyirbonucleic acid) and protein.

Front 16

DNA

Back 16

Long shaped like a twisted ladder.

Made of two strands of smaller molecules call nucleotides.

Front 17

SIDES OF THE DNA

Back 17

Made of sugar and phosphate molecules.

Front 18

RUNGS OF THE DNA LADDER

Back 18

Made of pairs of nitrogenous bases, one from each of the strands.

Front 19

NUCLEOTIDE BASES

Back 19

Adenine (always pairs with thymine)

Thymine

Cytosine (always pairs with guanine)

Guanine

Front 20

WHY IS DNA IMPORTANT IN CELL DIVISION

Back 20

DNA has the ability to replicate or copy itself - making it important in cell division.

Front 21

NUCLEOTIDE

Back 21

The building blocks of nucleic acids. Composed of a ribose sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base.

Front 22

WHAT ARE THE SIDES OF THE DNA LADDER MADE UP OF?

Back 22

Sugar and phosphate molecules

Front 23

WHAT ARE THE RUNGS OF DNA MADE UP OF?

Back 23

Nitrogenous bases - one from each strand

Front 24

NAME EACH OF THE MOLECULES WHICH MAKE UP THE RUNGS.

Back 24

Thymine, Cysotine, Adenine and Guanine

Front 25

WHICH BASES JOIN WITH EACH OTHER?

Back 25

Thymine and Cysotine

Adenine and Guanine

Front 26

WHAT PART OF THE DNA MOLECULE DETERMINES THE GENETIC CODE OF AN ORGANISM?

Back 26

The genes

Front 27

WHAT IS THE HUMAN GENOME?

Back 27

All the genes on your chromosome - all human genes

Front 28

LIST THREE COMMON PROTEINS AND NAME THEIR FUNCTIONS

Back 28

Hemoglobin - Carries oxygen in red blood cells

Insulin - controls the level of sugar in your blood

Keratin - makes up hair and nails.

Front 29

WHAT ARE ENZYMES

Back 29

Special proteins that control specific chemical reactions.