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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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mitosis occurs |
in all body cells (somatic cells) produces 2 identical daughter cells that are diploid(full dna)
function growth and replacement asexual reproduction |
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meiosis |
occurs only in sex cells produces 4 non identical haploid cells sexual reproduction |
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10% time 90% time |
dividing interphase(g1, s, g2 phase) |
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interphase g1 |
gap phase manufactures protiens and amino acids nedded for cell division and metabolic duties
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s phase g2 phase |
Dna replicates- longest stage of the cycle
prepares to divide |
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apoptosis |
to ensure cells in a tissues are healthy, cells will undergo cell sucide |
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chromatin |
long threads made of DNA and protien that makes up chromosomes
uncondensed chromosomes - long, not visible condensed chromosomes-short, visible |
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chromotid |
chromosomes replicate before division to form matched sister chromotid |
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homologus chromosomes |
same size and shape and carry the genes for the same traits but different details |
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gene |
basic unit of heredity |
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autosomes |
chromosomes that do not influence gender (22 pairs of these) |
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prophase |
chromoatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to poles and attach to spindle fibres spindle fibres attach to centromere nuclear memberane dissolves |
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metaphase |
chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate |
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anaphase |
spindle fibres contract from the centrioles and sister chromotids begin to unravel |
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telophase |
nucleus reappears, nucleur memberane reappears chromosomes unravel to form chromatin cytoplasm divides |
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binary fission |
equal division of cytoplasm and nucleus |
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budding |
dividing nucleus equally but cytoplasm unequally |
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meiosis spermatogonium oogonium |
4 sperms 4 eggs |
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prophase 1 |
chromosomes undergo synapsis(pair up) and crossing over occurs chromosomes condenses nucleur memberane disappears centrioles move to opposite poles |
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metaphase 1 |
homologus pairs line up along the equatorial plate spindles insert into centromere |
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Anaphase 1 |
homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite poles = segregation |
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chromosomes undergo independent assortment during anaphase 1 increases genetic diversity |
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telophase 1 |
daughter cells separate. each has one chromosome from each homologous pair cells will be haploid cytokenesis |
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meiosis 2 is like |
mitosis but no initial dna replication prophase2 metaphase2, anaphase2, telophase2 |
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oogenesis (females) |
meiosis 2 completes only if egg is fertilized one egg is produced |
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spermatogenesis |
meiosis 1 and 2 are both completed before fertilization four spermatids are produced |
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chromosomal abnormalities can be detected by |
karyotype chart |
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successful cell division relies on 2 things |
accurate replication of the chromosomes exact distribution of the chromosomes |
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non disjunctions- abnormal meiosis |
when two homologous chromosomes move to the same poles chromosomes don't separate properly |
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how to clone
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take egg cell from adult female and remove the nucleus
replace nucleus with nucleus of body cell of the individual to be cloned implant the Bastula or zygote into the mothers uterus |
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telomeres
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ends of the chromosomes, called telomere shorten each time cell divides and when they become critically short the cell dies
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cancer
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abnormal, uncontrolled cell division
due to mutation of genes telomeres do not shrink in cancerous cells cancer cells don't help body but take away nutrients |
