Cell Cycle And Intro To Genetics Biology 1

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Gametes

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Sperm and eggs are male and female reproductive cells.

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Somatic Cells

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Body belonging

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Mitosis

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devision of the genetic material that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to their parent.

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Cytokinesis

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(cell movement) the division of the cytoplasm into the two daughter cells.

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Chromosome

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threadlike structures, Consists of a single, long DNA double helix that is wrapped around proteins.

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DNA

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encodes the cells hereditary information, or genetic material.

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Mitotic Phase

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Dividing phase

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Interphase

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G1,S,G2 During G1 and G2 the compents grow. S phase duplicated genetic material DNA

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gene

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is a segment of DNA that contains the information for synthesizing a particular polypeptide or RNA molecule.

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Histones

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In a chromosome the globular proteins that the DNA is associated with.

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Chromatin

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In eukaryotes the DNA-protein complex

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Chromatid (sister Chromatid)

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Each of the DNA copies in a replicated chromosome. Sister are copies of same chromosome

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centromere

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The two chromatids are joined together along the entire length as well at a specialized region

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IPPMAT

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Interphase, Prophase, Prometa phase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

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Prophase

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Chromosome already replicated during interphase, chromosome condense into compact structures. Makred by mitotic spindle

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Mitotic Spindle

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Is a structure that produces mechanical forces that pull chromosomes into the daughter cells during mitosis. First Created during Prophase. Consists of array of microtubles.

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Spindle Fibers

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The groups of microtubles that attach to the chromosomes

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Centrosomes

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The microtuble-organzation center responsible for mitotic spindle formation

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Centrioles

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found in centrosomes

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Prometaphase

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Nuclear envelope breaks down nucleolus disappears. Spindle fibers connect to each chromosome at locations called kinetochore

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Kinetochore

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Location that spindle fibers attach to sister chromotids. Located at centromere region

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Metaphase

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(middle phase), animal centrosomes completer their migration to oppisite sides of cell and chromosomes complete migration to the middle.

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Metaphase plate

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When metaphase is over the chromosomes are lined up at imaginary line plane

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Anaphase

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Sister chromatids seperate. Chromosomes are pulled to oppisite sides of cell.

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Telophase

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(end phase) a nuclear envelope begins to form around each set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle disintegrates.

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Cytokinesis

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Cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus and complete set of organelles.

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Sperm Cell

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A male reproductive cell

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Egg Cell

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A female reproductive cell

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Fertilization

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The process of uniting sperm and egg

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Embryo

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Newly growing offspring

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Gametes

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reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs

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Meiosis

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is nuclear division thta leads to halving of chromosome number.

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Homologous chromosomes (homologs)

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Two chromosomes that have the same size and shape. a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, which carry genes for the same traits, in the same order. In a karyotype, the members of a homologous pair look alike, for example, the pair of chromosome 1 look alike

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Sex Chromosomes

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Chromosomes that designate sex.

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Autosomes

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All non-sex chromosomes

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Gene

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a section of DNA that influences one or more hereditary traits in an individual.

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Allele

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Different versions of a particular gene.

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Karyotype

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The number and types of chromosomes present. The chromosomal complement of a cell, individual or species often shown as a picture of chromosomes arranged in order from largest to smallest

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Haploid

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a single set of chromosomes (half of the full set of genetic material). In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23

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Diploid

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A full set of genetic material, consisting of paired chromosomes one chromosome from each parental set. Most animal cells except the gametes have a diploid set of chromosomes. The diploid human genome has 46 chromosomes. Compare haploid

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Ploidy

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The number and n is termed. The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets

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polyploid

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Have three or more of each type of chromosome in each cell.

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gametogenesis

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the process which the daughter cells from meiosis 1 and 2 form egg cells or sperm cells

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Zygote

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The cell that results from fertiliztaion which is full complement of chromosomes. 1 set from mother 1 from fater.

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Maternal Chromosomes

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Come from the mother

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Paternal chromosomes

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come from the father

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Crossing over

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During prophase 1 non sister chromatids interact with each other to cross over.

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Synapse

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two pairs of non-sister chromatids are brought close together and cause crossing over.

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Role of Crossing over

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Produces new combinations of alleles on the same chromosome.

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Factor/allele

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Different versions of the same gene.

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Genotype

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Alleles that are found in a particular individual

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Outcrossing

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Gametes from different individuals combine to form offspring.

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Metaphase I

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Tetrads line up, chromosome of each pairs face the pole , homologous attached to microtubules form opp. pole

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Anaphase I

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Pairs of homologous chromosomes spilt up, sister chromatids remain attached.

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Telophase I

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each half has complete haploid set; chromosomes are still double.

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Cytokinesis

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division of cytoplasm, occur right after telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells

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between the end of M I and beginning of M II

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no chromosome replicated

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Prophase II

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spindle forms, in late PII chromosomes still have two chromatids

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Mataphase II

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chromosome line up in the middle as in mitosis

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Anaphase II

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sister chromatids seperate, and move as two individual chromosomes toword opp. poles

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Telophase II and cytokenesis

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Nuclei forms , chromosome condensing. The meiotic division of one parent cell form 4 hapliod daughter cells with unreplicated chromosome

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DNA replication

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mito- occurs during interphase before mitosis begins
meio-occurs during interphase before meioI begins

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Early Prophase 1

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Chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms.

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Synapsis

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Pairing process of homologous chromosomes forming the tetrad

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Late Prophase 1

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non-sister chromatids begin to seperate, but still connected in X shape called Chiasma. Crossing over occured

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Chiasma

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Crossover forms an X-shaped structure of chromosomes

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synapsis of homologous chromosomes

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mito-doesn't occur
meio-occur during Prophase I, forming tetrads and crossing over

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# of daughter cell and genetic composition

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mito-two, each diploid(2n), identical to parent cell
meio-one, each haploid(n), genetically diff from parent cell and from each other

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Number of divisions

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mito-one including P,M,A,T
Meio-two including P,M,A,T

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Role in animal body

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Mito-produces cell growth and tissue repair; multicellular adult to arise from zygote
meio-Produces gametes, reduce chromosomes by half