Cell Cycle

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Cell cycle

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A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.

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Interphase

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The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope.

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G1

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Growth of a cell

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S

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Replication stage of the cell.

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G2

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Growth and preparation for mitosis stage.

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G0

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where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide, or a distinct quiescent stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle.

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Cancer

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Defectiveness in the cell cycle which causes cells to build up on each other.

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Mitosis

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5 phases prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

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Cell division

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When the cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

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Parent cell

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Source of other cells.

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Daughter cell.

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The cells that result from the reproductive division of one cell during mitosis.

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Checkpoint

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Point in the cell when it has reached the next stage.

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Propahse

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The first stage of cell division has reduction division.

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Metaphase

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2nd stage of cell division. Thick coiled chromosomes that are lined up on the meta phase plate.

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Anaphase

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fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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Telophase

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Final phase of cell division. the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

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Cytokinesis

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Division of a cell at the end of mitosis.

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Cell plate

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A plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell

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Chromatin

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DNA as thin strands.

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Centrioles

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a minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

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Microtubules

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microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.

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Nuclear envelope

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is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

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Nucleolus

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a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

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Poles

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Opposite sides of the cell that contains a Centriole.

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Spindle fibers

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form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell

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Metaphase plate

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a plane cell section in the equatorial plane of the metaphase spindle having the chromosomes oriented upon it.

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Cell plate

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a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells

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Cleavage furrow

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the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage,

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Meiosis

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a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

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Gametes (give examples)

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sex celldaughter cell of meiosishaploid 1n

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Somatic cells (give examples)

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body cell diploid celldaughter cell of mitosis2n

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Haploid

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a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes

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Diploid

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containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

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Zygote

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The cell formed by the union of a male sex cell (a sperm) and a female sex cell (an ovum)

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Meiosis I

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cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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Meiosis II

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the second stage of meiosis. During this stage, sister chromatids separate to form haploid cells with just one chromatid per chromosome.

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n

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The number of chromosomes in a gamete of an organism, symbolized by n

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2n

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two sets of chromosomes or double the haploid number of chromosomes in the germ cell, with one member of each chromosome pair derived from the ovum and one from the spermatazoon.

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homologous chromosomes

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consists of one chromosome from each parent. During most of the cell cycle,homologous chromosome pairs are unreplicated.

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independent assortment

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formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage according to the laws of probability of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of each other pair.

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crossing over

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the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

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biodiversity

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the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem

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genetic diversity

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total number of geneticcharacteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.