Cell Cards

Front 1

Cell Theory

Back 1

All organisms are made up of cells

Cells are the basic unit of life

Cells come from existing cells

Robert Hooke-gave us the term cell

Antwon Van Leeanhook- Discovered bacteria (named them animalcules)

Matthios Schlieden- all plants are made out of cells

Robert Virchow- all cells arise from preexisting cells

Theadore Schwan- all animals are made of cells

Front 2

Prokaryote (Before nucleus)

vs.

Eukaryote (True Nucleus)

Back 2

Prokaryote: oldest type, small and simple, lack nucleus, lack organelles, single-celled, single circular chromosome

Both: both have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Eukaryote: evolved from prokaryote, larger and more complex, contains nucleus, contains organelles, single-celled or multicellular, multiple linear chromosome

Front 3

Cell Organelles

Back 3

Rough ER- assemble protein

Smooth ER- regulates calcium and processes toxins

Mitochondria- convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use

Ribosomes- make protein from RNA

Vacuole- store water and might store food for the cell

Lysosomes- break down waste material and cellular debris

Chloroplasts- absorbs sunlight and uses it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to make food for the plant

Golgi Apparatus- gathers simple molecules to make more complex molecules

Cell Wall- the outer layer of a plant cell that gives plants their stiffness

Cell Membrane- regulates what enters and leaves the cell, also supports and protects the cell

Cytoplasm- everything within the cell/holds everything together

Plant cells have a large vacuole while animals don't (plants can't move to get water, so they need to store a lot while animals can move to get water)

Plant cells have a cell wall while animals don't (plants can't move to protect themselves while animals can move to get away from

danger)

Plant cells have chloroplast to make their own food while animals don't(animals can move to get food but plants can't, so they make their own food)

Front 4

Passive Transport

Back 4

Diffusion- the process by which particles move from one area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Facilitated Diffusion- the process in which molecules cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels

Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 5

Active Transport

Back 5

Definition-The movement of materials against a concentration difference

Active Transport requires energy

Endocytosis- the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets of the cell membrane

Exocytosis- the process of releasing large amounts of material from the cell

Front 6

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 6

Front 7

Protein Synthesis

Back 7

1. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes

2. Proteins targeted for export to the cell membrane, or to specialized locations within the cell, complete their assembly on ribosome bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

3. Newly assembled proteins are carried from the Rough ER to the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles

4.RNA bring amino acids to ribosome according to the original DNA code

5. Vesicles from the Golgi Apparatus are shipped to their final destination in or out of, the cell

Front 8

Properties Of Water

Back 8

Polar Molecule- A molecule with uneven positive and negative charges

Cohesion - Two molecules that bond together

Adhesion- Combine or bond to different molecules

Universal Solvent- Water is capable of dissolving a variety of different substances

Front 9

pH Scale

Back 9

Acid-An acid is a substance that donates hydrogen ions. Because of this, when an acid is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is shifted. Now there are more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions in the solution. This kind of solution is acidic.

Base-A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. This kind of solution is alkaline.

Buffer-A solution which can maintain an almost constant pH value when dilute acids or alkalis are added to it.

Front 10

Organic Compounds

Back 10

An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.

Elements that bond with carbon for life- Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur, and Nitrogen

Front 11

Macromolecule: Lipids

Back 11

Monomer- Carbon and Hydrogen

Function- Store energy, some are important parts of biological membranes and water proof covering

Ex: Milk Butter Olive Oil

Front 12

Macromolecule: Protein

Back 12

Monomer - Contain nitrogen as well as carbon and hydrogen and oxygen

Function- Some control the rate of reactive and regulate cell processes while others form important/cellular structure and others transport substances into or fight disease

Ex: Meat Seafood Beans

Front 13

Macromolecule: Carbohydrates

Back 13

Monomer- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Function- For animals it's energy and for plants it's used for structural purposes

Ex: Glucose Monosaccharide's Bread Pasta Rice

Front 14

Macromolecule: Nucleic Acid

Back 14

Monomer - Nucleotide

Function- Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

Ex: Ribonucleic acid, and Deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 15

Enzymes

Back 15

Role of enzymes- Speed up the rate of chemical reactions in cells

Catalase- A substance that speeds up the rate of chemical reaction

Negative- Steroids

Front 16

Photosynthesis

Back 16

CO2 + H2O -Light> C6H12O6 + O2

Reactants Products

Light reaction- Light is needed to produce energy molecules

Dark Reaction- No light needed. Uses ATP and NADPH to produce energy molecules

Front 17

Respiration

Back 17

C6H12O6 > 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy

Glycolysis-Occurs in Cytoplasm. Does not require O2. Needs 2 ATP to begin with. ATP produced. Net gain 2 ATP.

Kreb Cycle-Occurs in mitochondria. Requires O2. Co2 realeased.

Electron Transport Chain-Occurs in Mitochondria. Requires O2. Water is Formed. Net gain 34 ATP

Front 18

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration

Back 18

Photosynthesis- Different equation Needs sunlight anabolic Endothermic

Both- Occurs in cells Both processes have almost exact same equation

Cellular- Different equation, Needs ATP, Catabolic, Exothermic

Front 19

Mitosis

Back 19

Somatic Cells, which means non sex cells

46 total chromosomes in mitosis

Asexual Reproduction

Crossover-

Front 20

Meiosis

Back 20

Haploid- 23 Chromosomes

Crossover - XX+XY

Diploid- 46 Chromosomes

Front 21

Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis

Back 21

Meiosis- 4 daughter cells, Chromatids, Do not separate in anaphase, 23 Chromosomes

Both-Occurs in stages interphase cell production

Mitosis-2 daughter cells, Chromatids in anaphase, one set of stages to reproduce

Front 22

Mitosis: Crossover

Back 22

Front 23

Mitosis: Chromosome

Back 23

Front 24

Meiosis: Phases

Back 24