Cell Biology- University Og Oklahoma

Front 1

Information transmitted to successive generations

Back 1

Organisms
Cells

Front 2

Mendel- hereditary information
Pea Plant traits

Back 2

each trait encoded by gene
Postulated existence of genes
but did not know the mechanism of transmission

Front 3

Genome

Back 3

all genes together

Front 4

Miescher

Back 4

extraced "nuclein" from nuclei obtained from white blood cells.

Front 5

T or F
proteins carry genetic information?

Back 5

F. Miescher miscalculated the amount of DNA in egg (90%) which led to the thought that proteins carry genetic info

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What makes up a Gene?

Back 6

Fidelity
Size
Information capacity

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Griffith

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Genetic transformation- something in the dead "s" cells converted the "r" cells into the pathogenic strain.

Smooth and rough bacteria
R strain transformed to pathogenic smooth strain

Front 8

Which component was responsible for transforming?

Back 8

DNA transformed R bacteria to S
Avery, McLeod and McCarty
DNA carries hereditary info

Front 9

Studies viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophage

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Hershey and Chase

Front 10

Is DNA or protien transferred to bacteria?

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DNA

Front 11

DNA contains ____ but not ___.
Proteins contain ___ but not ___.

Back 11

Phosphorus/sulfur.
sulfur/phosphorus

Front 12

Chargaff’s rules

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1. DNA from cells at same species have same percentage of each base.
2. DNA base composition varies among species.
3. number of A=T and G=C
4. Number of purines (AG)= number of pyrimidines (TC)

Front 13

Tetranucleotide hypothesis

Back 13

DNA made of only 4 Nucleotides present in equal amounts
A-adenosine
G-guanosine
C-cytidine
T-thymidine

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Watson and Crick

Back 14

model structure of DNA
H-bonding, PO4, backbone, helical structure.

Front 15

Rosalind franklin

Back 15

x-ray diffraction
-tilt angle of helix
-distance between bases (.34nm)
-turn of helix (10 bases/turn)

Front 16

DNA structure

Back 16

-Sugar-phosphate backbone
-5’-> 3’ orientation
-antiparallel
-base pairing
purine(AG)/pyrimidine(TUC)

Front 17

separated strands serve as __ for synthesis of new complementary strands

Back 17

templates

Front 18

play roles in molecular interactions

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minor groove and major groove

Front 19

__ has implications for how replication and trascription occurs

Back 19

Antiparallel orientation

Front 20

types of DNA

Back 20

B- most common
A
Z

Front 21

How can DNA strands be separated?

Back 21

denaturation

Front 22

How are DNA strands held together?

Back 22

weak H-bonds

Front 23

Denaturation depends on __.

Back 23

G-C content; as G-C content increases the melting temperature increases.

Front 24

Hybridization

Back 24

nucleic acid binding to complementary strand

Front 25

Alternating __ conditions allows for pairing of nucleic acids only partially complementary

Back 25

Hybridization

Front 26

DNA-DNA hybridization

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lowered stringency is useful for detecting related DNA sequences both within and across species

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RNA-RNA hybridization

Back 27

useful for detecting mRNA expression pattens in tissue

Front 28

Genome organization in Prokaryotes

Back 28

linear or circular DNA

Front 29

Genome organization in Eukaryotes

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nucles, mitochondrial (and Chloroplasts)

Front 30

Genome size varies with ___

Back 30

complexity

Front 31

DNA structure

Back 31

-Sugar-phosphate backbone
-5’-> 3’ orientation
-antiparallel
-base pairing
purine(AG)/pyrimidine(TUC)

Front 32

separated strands serve as __ for synthesis of new complementary strands

Back 32

templates

Front 33

DNA structure

Back 33

-Sugar-phosphate backbone
-5’-> 3’ orientation
-antiparallel
-base pairing
purine(AG)/pyrimidine(TUC)

Front 34

separated strands serve as __ for synthesis of new complementary strands

Back 34

templates

Front 35

play roles in molecular interactions

Back 35

minor groove and major groove

Front 36

play roles in molecular interactions

Back 36

minor groove and major groove

Front 37

__ has implications for how replication and trascription occurs

Back 37

Antiparallel orientation

Front 38

__ has implications for how replication and trascription occurs

Back 38

Antiparallel orientation

Front 39

types of DNA

Back 39

B- most common
A
Z

Front 40

How can DNA strands be separated?

Back 40

denaturation

Front 41

types of DNA

Back 41

B- most common
A
Z

Front 42

How can DNA strands be separated?

Back 42

denaturation

Front 43

How are DNA strands held together?

Back 43

weak H-bonds

Front 44

How are DNA strands held together?

Back 44

weak H-bonds

Front 45

Denaturation depends on __.

Back 45

G-C content; as G-C content increases the melting temperature increases.

Front 46

Denaturation depends on __.

Back 46

G-C content; as G-C content increases the melting temperature increases.

Front 47

Hybridization

Back 47

nucleic acid binding to complementary strand

Front 48

Hybridization

Back 48

nucleic acid binding to complementary strand

Front 49

Alternating __ conditions allows for pairing of nucleic acids only partially complementary

Back 49

Hybridization

Front 50

Alternating __ conditions allows for pairing of nucleic acids only partially complementary

Back 50

Hybridization

Front 51

DNA-DNA hybridization

Back 51

lowered stringency is useful for detecting related DNA sequences both within and across species

Front 52

DNA-DNA hybridization

Back 52

lowered stringency is useful for detecting related DNA sequences both within and across species

Front 53

RNA-RNA hybridization

Back 53

useful for detecting mRNA expression pattens in tissue

Front 54

RNA-RNA hybridization

Back 54

useful for detecting mRNA expression pattens in tissue

Front 55

Genome organization in Prokaryotes

Back 55

linear or circular DNA

Front 56

Genome organization in Prokaryotes

Back 56

linear or circular DNA

Front 57

Genome organization in Eukaryotes

Back 57

nucles, mitochondrial (and Chloroplasts)

Front 58

Genome organization in Eukaryotes

Back 58

nucles, mitochondrial (and Chloroplasts)

Front 59

Genome size varies with ___

Back 59

complexity

Front 60

Genome size varies with ___

Back 60

complexity

Front 61

Why do we have so much DNA?

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Repeated DNA sequences are presnt in multiple copies.

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Tandemly repeated DNA

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-10-15% of mammalian DNA
-short repeated units repeated many times
-function not clear
-may serve protective function

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Interspersed repeated DNA

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-25-40% of mammalian genome
-scattered in genome
-units of 100s to 1000s bp long
-transposons related to interspersed DNA repeats

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Bacterial circular DNA

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bacterial genome is contained in a single circular "Chromosome" including DNA and bound proteins

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Bacterial chromosome is localized to the __.

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Nuceloid

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Nucleoid

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-non-membrane bounded region
-DNA is held separate from rest of cell
-DNA folded into loops anchored in nucleoid; held in place by RNA and proteins.

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positive supercoil

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in direction of helix

Front 68

negative supercoil

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against the direction of the helix

Front 69

bacterial circular DNA is supercoiled to...

Back 69

increase the accessibility to proteins involved in replication or transcription

Front 70

__ catalyzes relaxation or supercoiling

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Topoisomerase

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Bacteria also contain __.

Back 71

Plasmids

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Pasmids

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-small circular DNA; -supercoiled and contain few genes

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3 types of plasmids

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1. F-factor (episome): conjunction (fertility)
2. R-factor: resistance to antibiotics
3. Col ractor: colicin secretion (toxic to bacteria lacking the col factor)

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DNA bound to proteins called __

Back 74

chromatin fibers

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Chromatin

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condenses into chromosomes

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an example of a purine is...

Back 76

guanine or adenine

Front 77

DNA isolated from Aspergillis has an adenine content of 25%. What is the %G-C?

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50%

Front 78

What phase of the cell cycle is associated with the doubling of the amount of DNA in the cell?

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S phase

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cyclins modulate the progression of cells though the cell cycle by activating ___ that are critical regulatores of cell division

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protein kinases

Front 80

what phase of the cell cycle varies most in duration in various cell types

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G1

Front 81

___ is the enxyme involved in proofreading during DNA replication

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DNA polymerase

Front 82

ensure folding

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chaperones

Front 83

DNA replication of linear chromosomes has multiple sites known as

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replicons

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__ synthesis is a damage-tolerant mechanism that allows synthesis of a new DNA strand from a damaged template

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translesion

Front 85

the coding regions of a gene

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exons

Front 86

TFIID recognizes and binds the ___ box in the DNA

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TATA

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The first AA incorporated in bacterial protein synthesis is ___

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N-formylmethionine

Front 88

degrades mRNAs that contain premature stops

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Nonsense mediated decay