Cell Biology - Protein Synthesis

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Proteins are a polymer made up of:

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a polymer made up of amino acid monomers; are the link between genotype and phenotype.

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Amino Acids are made up of:

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an amino group and a carboxyl group (which makes it an acid), as well as an "R" group

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A Peptide is a compound containing:

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two or more amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one acid is linked to the amino group of the other

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Peptide Bond

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a covalent linkage of two amino acids that results when a dehydration reaction links a carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid.

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A Polypeptide is:

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a chain of amino acids

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What is denaturation?

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when polypeptide chains unravel, losing their specific shape and function

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Primary protein structure

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it's unique sequence of amino acids.

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Secondary protein structure

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where parts of the polypeptide coil or fold into local patterns. This coiling results in the secondary structure known as an alpha helix; the folding leads to pleated sheets.

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Tertiary Structure

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refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. This structure results from the compact alpha helix and several pleated sheet regions based on interactions among the R groups of the amino acids making up the polypeptide.

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Quaternary Structure

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a protein consisting of two or more polypeptide chains, resulting from the association of the subunits.

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Starch

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a storage polysaccharide in plants

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Glycogen

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a glucose polysaccharide that serves as the second long-term energy storage (with the primary energy storage being in adipose tissues)

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Cellulose

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the most abundant organic compound on earth, forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells. Is a polymer of glucose.

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Lipids consist of:

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carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non-polar covalent bonds.

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Cholesterol

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a common component in animal cell membranes; animal cells also use it as a starting material for making other steroids, like sex hormones.

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DNA

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consists of a double-helix that results from two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other. Each type of DNA nucleotide has a different nitrogenous base - A, C, T or G.

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nucleotides

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monomers that make up nucleic acids, made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

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RNA

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sugar is 'ribose', which has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the C atom at it's lower rt corner, and has the nitrogenous base 'Uracil' rather than 'Thymine' found in DNA.

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Protein Synthesis

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the cellular process of producing a protein

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Genes

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unit of inheritance consisting of the nucleic acid, DNA; store order of amino acids in DNA.

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DNA Polymerase

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the enzyme that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand

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DNA Ligase

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the enzyme that links the pieces together into a single DNA strand

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transcription

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the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule

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translation

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the transfer of the information in the RNA into a protein. Site of translation is in the ribosome.

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codons

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base triplet that has the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

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genetic code

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setof rules giving the correspondence between codons in RNA and amino acids in proteins

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RNA Polymerase

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the transcription enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

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promoter

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a nucleotide sequence that serves as the "start transcribing" signal in transcription

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Initiation

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first phase of transcription involving the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter and the start of RNA synthesis.

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Elongation

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the second phase of transcription where the RNA elongates and eventually peels away from its DNA template, allowing the two separated strands of DNA to come back together.

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Termination

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the third phase of transcription where the RNA polymerase reaches the sequence of bases in the DNA template called the 'terminator', which serves to signal the end of the gene. The polymerase molecule detaches from the RNA molecule and the gene at this point.

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mRNA

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the kind of RNA that encodes amino acid sequences that conveys genetic information from DNA to the translation machinery of the cell.

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Introns

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non-coding regions on genes; are transcribed from DNA to RNA

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Exons

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coding regions - the parts of a gene that are expressed as amino acids, and are transcribed from DNA to RNA

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tRNA

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transfer RNA - converts 3-letter codons of nucleic acids to one-letter, amino acid words of proteins.

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DNA Replication

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proceeds in both directions, creating replication "bubbles", but always in the 5' to 3' end. Ensures that all somatic cells carry the same genetic information.

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Ribosomes

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made up of two subunits each made up of proteins and rRNA.