Cell Biology Mun

Front 1

Multiple sites where DNA replication is initiated

Back 1

Replicon

Front 2

Histone production occurs in

Back 2

G1

Front 3

Catalyze the synthesis of DNA by adding nucletodies

Back 3

DNA polymerase

Front 4

Okazaki fragments connected by

Back 4

DNA ligases

Front 5

Proofreading mechanism performed by _____ that is part of the ______

Back 5

3-5 exonuclease activity, DNA polymerase

Front 6

Unwinding DS-DNA requires _________ which form a __________

Back 6

1) helicases, topoisomerases, and SSBP

2) replisome

Front 7

A special DNA polymerase that adds copies of 5'-TTAGGG-3' to the ends of chromosomes

Back 7

Telomerase

Front 8

Spontaneous hydrolysis of DNA results in:

Back 8

depurination and deamination

Front 9

Mutagenic chemicals include:

Back 9

Base analogues, base modifying agents and intercalating agents

Front 10

_________ removes abnormal nucleotides to correct mutations

Back 10

Excision repair mechanisms

Front 11

Pyrimidine dimers and other bulky lesions are removed through

Back 11

Nucletoide excision repair

Front 12

__________ corrects mutations of non-complementary bases that become included in DNA during replication that are not fixed by proof-reading

Back 12

Mismatch repair

Front 13

____ and _______ occur during M-phase

Back 13

Cell division and cytokinesis

Front 14

The process of mitosis divided into :

Back 14

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 15

The centrosomes begin to assemble the microtubule containing structure _____ during the _____ stage of mitosis

Back 15

mitotic spindle, prophase

Front 16

In animal cells, __________ are located at core of the centrosomes

Back 16

centrioles

Front 17

As ________ disappears, the _________ microtubules make contact with the centromeres to form the _________. During _________ of mitotic division.

Back 17

nuclear membrane, mitotic spindle, kinetochore, prometaphase

Front 18

The ______ Bind the free ends of the mitotic spindle microtubules to attach chromosomes to the mitotic spindle.

Back 18

kinetochore

Front 19

Mitotic spindle microtubules can attach to:

Back 19

kinetochore MTs, MTs from the other pole, and to proteins of the inner plasma membrane.

Front 20

In ___________ the chromosomes are pulled by the centromeres towards the poles as the kinetochore MTs shorten

Back 20

Anaphase A

Front 21

In ___________ the poles push apart due to the polar MTs getting longer

Back 21

anaphase B

Front 22

During Telophase the chromosomes revert to ______. Nucleoli reform, the ______ dissasembles and the ____________ reappears.

Back 22

chromatin, spindle and nuclear envelope.

Front 23

The ______ subunits have polarity and assembly of the mitotic spindle occurs with the ______ end at the centrosome and the ____ end growing out.

Back 23

tubulin, negative, positive

Front 24

Mitotic spindle MTs are dynamic structures that are continually growing and shrinking by loss/addition of ________ subunits.

Back 24

Tubulin

Front 25

With the dissolution of ____________ the plus ends of the mitotic spindle MTs make contact with the ________________

Back 25

nuclear membrane, kinetochores

Front 26

____________ divides the _________________ after the chromosomes have been sorted to complete the process of _________.

Back 26

Cytokinesis, cytoplasm, cell division

Front 27

Cytokinesis in animals depends on formation of the ____________

Back 27

cleavage furrow

Front 28

Cytokinesis in plant cells produce a ________ between separated daughter nuclei

Back 28

cell plate

Front 29

The cell plate is formed by materials such as ______ and ______ derived from _______ from the ________

Back 29

polysaccharides, glycoproteins, vesicles , golgi

Front 30

The timing differences of the cell cycle are primarily in the _____ phase, which may become long, as in the ____ phase.

Back 30

G1 , G0

Front 31

The _______________ determines if a cell is ready to progress to the next stage

Back 31

cell cycle checkpoints

Front 32

Late in the ____ phase, the _____ checkpoint determines if a cell will enter the S-phase. Also called the __________

Back 32

G1, G1, restriction checkpoint

Front 33

The _____ checkpoint determines if cell enters the ______ phase, requires completion of DNA syntesis.

Back 33

G2, M

Front 34

The _____________ checkpoint occurs between the _________ and __________ to ensure the proper attachment of chromosomes to the _____________

Back 34

Spindle assembly, metaphase and anaphase, spindle apparatus

Front 35

S+G1

Back 35

G1 enters S-phase

Front 36

S+G2

Back 36

G2 nucleus does not enter S-phase before mitosis

Front 37

M+G1,G2, or S

Back 37

non-M phase nucleus enters M phase even if DNa is not duplicated

Front 38

Until hormonal stimulation, frog oocyte arrested at ____. With hormonal stimulation, oocyte arrested at ______ until fertilization

Back 38

G2, metaphase II of mitosis.

Front 39

____________ moves cells through the G2 checkpoint

Back 39

Mitosis-promoting factor / Maturation promoting factor

Front 40

Active MPFs stimulate

Back 40

breakdown of nuclear envelope, chromosome condensation, degradation of proteins and MS formation

Front 41

Major target of G1 CDK-cyclin complex is ________ that becomes _____________ and this ________ the transcription factor E2F.

Back 41

retinoblastoma protein, phosphorylated, activated.

Front 42

During Mphase, Rb protein is _____________ and therefore E2F is ______________

Back 42

dephosphorylated, inhibited.

Front 43

The cell cycle is regulated by ____________ by _____________________

Back 43

cell cycle checkpoints, Cyclin-CDK complexes

Front 44

Mitotis is essential for asexual reproduction including:

Back 44

-Mitotic division of unicellular organism

-Budding of offspring from parent organism

-Regeneration from pieces of a parent organism

Front 45

Meiosis I produces ________ cells with chrosomes in form of __________

Back 45

two haploid, two sister chromatids

Front 46

The ___________ stage of Meiosis __ is where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange DNA known as _______________

Back 46

Prophase I, genetic recombination

Front 47

Five stages of prophase I

Back 47

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

Front 48

What do the 5 stages involve

Back 48

L: begin to condense

Z: become closely paired

P: crossing over

D: separate but attached at chiasmata

D: condense and separate, attached at terminal chiasmata

Front 49

Homologous chromosomes held together during __________ by ____________

Back 49

synapsis, sypnaptonemal complex

Front 50

Sperm and ova generated by two processes

Back 50

meiosis, specialized cell differentiation

Front 51

Spermatogenesis converts __________ into (#) of _______________

Back 51

spermatocyte into 4 spermatids

Front 52

Alleles of each gene separate from each other in gamete formation

Back 52

Law of segregation

Front 53

Alleles of each gene separate independently of other genes

Back 53

Law of independent assortment

Front 54

________ based upon the measurement of recombination frequencies is used to map gene locations.

Back 54

Genetic mapping

Front 55

Five examples of genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes involving recombination:

Back 55

prophase I of meiosis, coinfection of bacteria with related bacteriophages, transformation of bacteria, transduction of bacteria, bacterial conjugation.

Front 56

Steps of Holliday Model of Homologous Recombination

Back 56

1)DS-DNA nicked

2)SS-DNA invades

3)DNA repair of DS-DNA using SS-DNA template

4)Reciprocal Invasion forms Holliday Junction

5) Branch migration

6) Resolution resulting in crossing over events or gene conversion

Front 57

Recombinant DNA molecules produced by:

Back 57

1)Cleaving DNA molecules from two sources with restriction endonucleases

2)Mixing the fragments to allow fragment ends to interact

3)linking fragments DNA ligase

Front 58

Cloning of DNA fragments involves:

Back 58

1)insertion of DNA into a vector

2)introduction of recombinant vectors in cells

3)amplification " "

4)selection of cells carrying recombinant vector

5)identification of correct recombinant clone

Front 59

To examine expressed genes of an organism, RNA can be converted to ________ through the use of _______________

Back 59

complementary DNA (cDNA), reverse transcriptase